Potato evapotranspiration and yield under different drip irrigation regimes

A field experiment comparing different irrigation frequencies and soil matric potential thresholds on potato evapotranspiration (ET), yield (Y) and water-use efficiency (WUE) was carried out in a loam soil. The experiment included five treatments for soil matric potential: F1 (-15 kPa), F2 (-25 kPa), F3 (-35 kPa), F4 (-45 kPa) and F5 (-55 kPa) and six treatments for irrigation frequency: N1 (once every day), N2 (once every 2 days), N3 (once every 3 days), N4 (once every 4 days), N6 (once every 6 days) and N8 (once every 8 days). Results indicate that both soil matric potential and drip irrigation frequency influenced potato ET, Y and WUE. Potato ET increased as irrigation frequency and soil matric potential increased. Comparing soil water potential, the highest ET was 63.4 mm (32.1%) more than the lowest value. Based on irrigation frequency treatments, the highest ET was 36.7 mm (19.2%) more than the lowest value. Potato Y and WUE were also found to increase as irrigation frequency increased. Potato Y increased with an increase in soil water potential then started to decrease. The highest Y and WUE values were achieved with a soil matric potential threshold of -25 kPa and an irrigation frequency of once a day.Communicated by J. Ayars     

酿酒酵母细胞壁和细胞膜应对高渗胁迫机制研究

酿酒酵母是食品发酵最常用的菌种之一,酵母应对高渗胁迫的能力决定食品发酵的成功与否以及食品腐败的危害程度。为研究高糖压力对酿酒酵母的影响,测定了酿酒酵母在应对极端高糖压力(0. 6 g/m L)时细胞壁几丁质和葡聚糖含量的变化,采用CFW染料和葡聚糖特异性降解酶对细胞壁的敏感性进行分析,并进一步通过双染料(PI和Hoechst 33342)染色对酿酒酵母细胞膜完整性进行分析,最后通过RNA测序研究了酿酒酵母在极端高糖压力下表达的全局差异基因。结果表明:高糖压力改变了酿酒酵母细胞壁和细胞膜的特性。全局转录测试结果显示,高糖压力通过下调酿酒酵母与细胞壁完整性(CWI)信号传导途径相关的基因ROM1、RLM1、PIR3、YGP1、CWP1等,进行细胞壁损伤的应激反应,高糖压力还通过下调酿酒酵母与细胞膜成分相关的基因(如PDR15和YOR1)造成了细胞膜损伤。最后,比较了酿酒酵母在不同压力因子(0. 2 g/m L糖、0. 4 g/m L糖、0. 6 g/m L糖和柠檬醛压力)下细胞依赖RLM1调控的CWI信号传导途径的差异调节,结果发现,在CWI中起关键作用的RLM1仅在0. 6 g/m L糖的极端压力下被下调。     

ε-聚赖氨酸对脂环酸芽孢杆菌生长与产物代谢的影响

研究了ε-聚赖氨酸对脂环酸芽孢杆菌属生长及产愈创木酚的影响。以A.acidoterrestris、A.herbarius和A.acidiphilus为研究对象,采用双倍稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度;通过菌落计数和高相液相色谱法检测愈创木酚的含量,评价ε-聚赖氨酸对模拟苹果汁体系中脂环酸芽孢杆菌生长代谢的影响。结果表明:ε-聚赖氨酸能够有效抑制脂环酸芽孢杆菌营养细胞和芽孢的生长,最小抑菌质量浓度为1.25~5 mg/L。当模拟苹果汁中ε-聚赖氨酸的添加量为最小抑菌浓度时,脂环酸芽孢杆菌的菌落数呈下降趋势,减少量为1~2个数量级;愈创木酚的生成量显著降低,质量浓度范围为1.7~4.74 mg/L。当ε-聚赖氨酸添加量增加至最小抑菌浓度的4倍时,菌落数由(5~6)×106个/m L降低至4.6×102个/m L以下,同时,可以完全抑制愈创木酚的产生。因此,ε-聚赖氨酸可以有效控制果汁中脂环酸芽孢杆菌属细菌腐败。     

小型潜水电泵的历史与发展趋势

回顾了国内外小型潜水电泵的发展历史；分析了现状与存在问题；探讨了今后的发展趋势。     

Drip irrigation scheduling for tomatoes in unheated greenhouses

During the last two decades, energy-saving solar greenhouses without heating systems, about 150-800 m² (width: 5-10 m, length: 30-80 m) in size, have been widely used in the North of China for vegetable production during cold seasons. The greenhouse is also suitable for use in other countries located in the temperate or warm-temperate zones, especially in the developing countries, because it is inexpensive with a simple structure, and does not need any additional energy for heating in winter. Drip irrigation has been recognized as a sensible method of supplying water inside the greenhouses, and a simple method for drip irrigation scheduling at low cost is urgently required. Using the water-balance method, the authors studied the water consumption of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and the relationship between evapotranspiration and water surface evaporation measured with 20 cm pan. Research results show that there is no significant water flux at 0.75 m depth when soil water potential is kept higher than -20 kPa at 15 cm depth, and around -20 kPa at 60 cm depth. The accumulative value of evapotranspiration is approximately equal to the accumulative value of water surface evaporation measured using 20 cm pan. Further analysis found that 20 cm pan can be used to determine the water requirement of tomato drip irrigation scheduling in this type of greenhouse.     

稻草、玉米芯调理牛粪堆肥成型育苗基质试验

以稻草和玉米芯为调理料,分别与主体原料牛粪按质量比1∶4混合堆沤腐熟后获得牛粪稻草基质和牛粪玉米芯基质,以这2种基质为原料进行压缩成型试验,探讨了土壤添加量、原料含水率、成型压力以及成型温度等操作因素对基质块成型品质的影响及作用规律。结果表明:牛粪稻草和牛粪玉米芯2种基质块的抗跌碎能力基本持平,其中牛粪稻草基质块的容重较大,吸水性和保水能力更强;添加土壤对2种基质块的抗破碎能力均有一定的提高,但不添加土壤2基质块也具有良好的抗破碎能力,能满足育苗过程对其机械强度的要求;适宜的原料含水率、成型压力和成型温度范围为10%~15%、10~15 k N和80~120℃。     

适宜稻板田油菜免耕移栽的开沟器设计

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区黏重土壤条件下免耕移栽机机具配重小、开沟松土阻力大及开沟器易缠草等问题,设计了波纹圆盘开沟器。开沟器采用波纹圆盘设计,通过螺栓调节开沟深度,有效解决了入土难问题。运用Pro/E构建了波纹圆盘开沟器的三维模型,通过力学性能分析了影响开沟器开沟性能的主要因素。同时,开展了基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的开沟器切削土壤的数值模拟,得出了开沟模型三向应力和应变云图,并计算出开沟器在一定土壤条件下开沟沟深为70~80mm、沟宽为62mm,与实际相符。     

柴油机机体的模态分析与减振设计

采用 ANSYS有限元分析软件 ,对一直列 6缸柴油机机体进行了模态分析 ,并与实验模态分析结果相比较 ,验证了计算模型的正确性。在该模型的基础上 ,从增加刚性和减少质量方面进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,铝制机体以及梯形框架结构和加强板结构均可减小机体的振动 ,进而降低发动机的噪声。     

柔顺关节并联机器人动力学模型

首次采用初始弯曲梁的伪刚体模型建立了柔顺关节的双1R伪刚体模型,应用拉格朗日方程和虚拟切割法推导了柔顺关节并联机器人系统动力学方程。对方程进行了数值求解,结果显示在理想结果的基础上存在低幅高频振动,而简化模型结果却比较理想,这表明理论模型比简化模型更能反映柔顺关节并联机器人这种刚柔耦合系统的特征;同时理论轨迹与ADAMS-ANSYS联合仿真轨迹、实验轨迹进行对比,最大相对误差分别为2.41%和4.69%,验证了理论模型的正确性。     

Physiological and pathological roles of mast cells in adipose tissue

Mast cells are important cells for the innate immunity that reside in tissues including adipose tissue and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes by producing a range of biological mediators. Adipose tissue not only acts as an energy depot and regulator of energy homeostasis that can deposit excess energy and dissipate energy through heat, but also is an active endocrine organ capable of producing hormones and adipokines. The dysfunction of adipose tissue is highly correlated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and so on. This review focuses on the physiological and pathological roles of mast cells in adipose tissue.