台湾休闲农业发展模式与经验探讨

台湾休闲农业发展成功有其特定的历史、文化和经济背景。本文通过系统、客观地阐述和分析台湾休闲农业发展历史背景、发展阶段、主要模式和特征等,总结出台湾休闲农渔业发展的成功经验,这些经验对大陆休闲农业发展具有较强的指导、参考和借鉴价值。     

Spatial α-diversity patterns of diverse insect taxa in Northern China: Lessons for biodiversity conservation

Current approaches in terrestrial biodiversity conservation focus predominantly on plants and vertebrates. While these groups account for less than 4% of the estimated global species richness, it is commonly argued that especially the species richness in higher plants is a suitable indicator of overall biodiversity. We tested this assumption, investigating species richness and equitability patterns in three highly species-rich insect families and their links with the vegetation and other environmental factors. Vegetation surveys were combined with pitfall and light trapping to establish the α-diversity of ground beetles, geometrid moths and arctiid moths on 48 plots at varying altitudes between Beijing and the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Soil pH and nutrient status were also recorded. The α-diversity patterns in the three insect families were non-congruent, and links with phytodiversity were weak. The spatial α-diversity patterns in each of the three insect families were significantly correlated with the species density of individual plant families. These links varied between the three insect taxa and were mostly negative in moths. Furthermore, geometrid moth diversity decreased with increasing elevation and decreasing soil pH. Strongly diverging α-diversity patterns across different insect taxa illustrate that it is impossible to find a simple surrogate representing cross-taxon diversity for these highly diverse groups. Furthermore, phytodiversity and vegetation composition appear to play a limited role in governing insect diversity patterns. These results underline the significant risk that current plant-focused approaches in terrestrial biodiversity conservation are inadequate in addressing the conservation needs of the vast majority of species on earth.     

亚硫酸氢钠对菜豆光合产量的影响研究

在菜豆叶面喷施不同浓度的亚硫酸氢钠。结果表明：40～120mg·L^-1的NaHSO3可抑制菜豆叶片的光呼吸,提高其净光合速率,增加叶片内干物质的积累及嫩荚中的糖含量。从而说明一定浓度的NaHSO3溶液喷洒叶面对菜豆增产、改善品质有一定的作用。还对各组样品的叶绿素含量进行了测定,结果表明,在40～120mg·L^-1浓度范围内,各处理组叶绿素含量均高于对照组。     

糯玉米新品种“延糯11”

“延糯 1 1”是 1 992年延边农业科学研究院旱田研究所选育而成的早熟青食糯玉米杂交种 ,其支链淀粉含量为 99.6%,品质佳 ,具有香、甜、软、糯的特点 .于 1 999年 3月经吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定通过 ,定为青食玉米推广品种     

晋南牛父系和母系起源研究

为了研究晋南牛的父系起源和母系起源,随机抽取30头晋南公牛,分别对Y染色体INRA124微卫星位点和线粒体DNAcytb基因进行分析。Y染色体INRA124微卫星分析表明:30个个体中,具有132bp的等位基因约占总样本76.7%,表明晋南牛具有76.7%的普通牛父系血统;具有130bp的等位基因,约占总样本23.3%,表明晋南牛具有32.2%的瘤牛父系血统。cytb基因的HinfI酶切分析表明,在这31个个体中,没有发现牦牛和班腾牛的母系起源。     

黄河三角洲暗管排水土工布外包滤料的试验研究

黄河三角洲地区多为近代黄河泥沙淤积形成的粉细砂土,其质地均一、结构松散,在农田排水明沟建设中边坡不稳定的问题突出。近年来该地区大力开展了暗管排水系统建设,但当地砂滤料来源不足,因此,迫切需要筛选出适合当地土壤特点的土工布外包滤料。该文在对研究区土壤特性分析的基础上,利用自制水力渗透仪,通过理论计算和渗透试验观测,研究了所选择土工布的反滤、透水以及防淤堵性能。结果发现,在满足测试条件的2种型号土工布中,Typar 3201G能够满足防淤堵与透水要求,但是有一定的淤堵风险;另一型号土工布(Typar SF20)则能较好的满足研究区暗管排水外包滤料的反滤、透水与防淤堵要求。研究结果表明,满足研究区特殊土壤类型的土工布外包滤料厚度不宜过大,土工布的开孔直径应符合选择标准。研究成果可为黄河三角洲地区暗管排水土工布外包滤料的选择提供技术支撑。     

食物对荔枝蝽生殖和存活的影响

食物显著地影响荔枝蝽的卵巢发育,产卵量和成虫的产卵期寿命,罩养于支树花（果）枝上,荔枝蝽每雌平均产卵２２２．３粒,净增殖率为１１０．５７;雌、雄成虫的平均寿命分别为９６．２５和９３．１９ｄ。罩养于嫩枝上者,每雌平均产卵１９３．４ ,净增殖率为９６．２６;雌、雄成虫的平均寿命分别为８９．６９和８９．２５ｄ。罩养于老枝上的成虫不能产卵,雌,雄成虫的平均寿命分别为７０．４４和７０．３１ｄ。在花（果）枝上     

9种常用杀螨剂对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力及毒力选择性研究

为使化学防治和保护利用捕食螨的生物防治措施相协调, 实现以螨治螨, 采用叶片残毒法分别测定了甘肃省保护地常用的9种杀螨剂对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨的LC50, 计算出各药剂的益害生物毒性选择指数(TSR)。供试药剂的毒性选择指数大小依次为：毒死蜱＞螺螨酯＞哒螨灵＞炔螨特＞唑螨酯＞阿维菌素＞三唑锡＞甲氰菊酯＞噻螨酮。其中, 毒死蜱和螺螨酯的毒性选择指数分别为10.864 1和9.361 3, 对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨均有较高的正向选择性, 毒死蜱和螺螨酯可优先用于生产中害虫(螨)的防治, 同时最大限度地保护了捕食螨, 实现对害虫(螨)化学防治和生物防治的相互协调。     

BMY牛产肉性能及胴体品质评价

选择30头6月龄BMY公牛,随机分为三组,按全日制放牧+补饲的方式分别进行12、18和24月龄育肥,到育肥年龄进行屠宰测定和胴体品质评价,结果表明：BMY牛育肥性能好,体重大、产肉性能高,屠宰率和净肉率分别为59.56%和49.62%,胴体产肉率为82.92%。BMY牛的胴体品质较好,牛肉多汁、细嫩、风味好,各项指标达到优质牛肉标准。     

农业非点源污染国内外研究进展

农业非点源污染正日益成为水体富营养化最主要的污染源,并已成为当前限制我国经济可持续发展的重要因素。笔者从农业非点源污染物迁移转化机制、非点源污染物的防控机制、非点源污染模型模拟、农业非点源污染研究中的尺度问题等方面对国内外研究进展进行了论述。提出我国非点源污染研究需在以下方面有所加强：（1）非点源污染物耦合作用下的运移;（2）转化机理及其界面行为过程机制研究;（3）不同空间尺度和格局农业非点源污染物的迁移转化规律;（4）适合我国不同区域特色的非点源污染机理模型研究。