Expression and functional characterization of glutamine synthetase from giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) under osmotic stress

The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii naturally lives in the freshwater, though it migrates to the brackish water environment during spawning that claimed to be resistant on a broad range of saline fluxes. However, little is known about the osmoregulatory patterns and the effect of an enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) in M. rosenbergii under stress. Here, we described the identification and functional characterization of GS from M. rosenbergii (Mr‐GS) at molecular and protein levels. The identified Mr‐GS was comprised of 361 amino acids that phylogenetically shared the highest identity with other crustaceans and predicted to contain Gln‐synt_C and Gln‐synt_N domains at the respective terminal regions. Tissue distribution analysis in M. rosenbergii revealed that the Mr‐GS was highly expressed in muscle, and commonly existed in other examined tissues in the following order gills > heart > stomach > brain > haemolymph. Whereas, the mRNA of Mr‐GS was significantly up‐regulated in the muscle and gill tissues following challenges with either hyper (0 → 13‰), or hypo (13 → 0‰) osmotic stress at 3, 6 and 12 hr. Furthermore, the level of Glutamine concentration was positively correlated with the GS mRNA and protein expression patterns in hyper‐osmotic stress, whereas in hypo‐osmotic stress a slight decrease in the gills and maintained a level in the muscle tissues at 3, 6 and 12 hr post‐treatments. Our findings suggest that Mr‐GS potentially exhibited the osmoregulation responses in the gill and muscle tissues of M. rosenbergii throughout the time of osmotic stress, which will benefit for future study on osmoregulation.     

Effect of thermal radiation on thermal flow field in inclined tunnel

The thermal radiation is the main factor affecting internal thermal flow field in a tunnel. This paper studies on two open ends of a channel inclined with angles of 10°, 20° and 30° by experiments and numerical simulations. The experimental data agree well with the predicted results by using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to solve N-S equations driven by the buoyancy flow. And the influence of thermal radiation on thermal flow field of tunnel with inclination angles from 10° to 30° at same heat source is obtained by comparing the experiment results and numerical resolutions of coupled with radiation model and without radiation model. Thermal radiation makes temperature near the upper wall of tunnel drop, and the influence of thermal radiation on bottom end of tunnel declines with the inclination angle increasing. However, the inclination angle has a little effect on temperature near the ceiling of the top end of tunnel. Simultaneously, the higher temperature zone leaning to the top end due to the thermal radiation is obtained, and the temperature at the bottom of the upper part of the tunnel increases. The findings of the study are important references for theory research of thermal flow field in inclined tunnels.     

集约化奶牛养殖场不同粪尿处理阶段氮素分布及氨排放特征

为促进奶牛养殖场的大气氨排放控制,形成奶牛养殖场粪便中氨排放的阻控体系,该文在冬季和夏季对内蒙古呼和浩特地区奶牛养殖场A和奶牛养殖场B的大气、牛粪和牛尿进行了采样试验分析,研究了2种奶牛养殖场不同处理工艺的氨排放特征。静态试验结果表明,奶牛养殖场A和奶牛养殖场B氨气排放浓度最高的是氧化塘处理工艺、预处理工艺,分别为冬季0.862,3.169 mg/m3,夏季2.785,2.130 mg/m3。动态试验结果表明,牛粪的氨排放系数要高于牛尿1.85倍,奶牛养殖场A和奶牛养殖场B平均排放系数分别为29.23%、49.36%。奶牛养殖场A和奶牛养殖场B总大气氨排放量分别为冬季172.69,1 101.00 kg/d,夏季284.70、1 395.32 kg/d。2种处理工艺冬季和夏季大气氨含量均满足畜禽场环境质量标准,但超过人居空气质量标准。     

地表滴灌水氮耦合对毛白杨幼林生长及土壤水氮分布的影响

为探究地表滴灌水氮耦合对毛白杨生长及土壤水氮分布的影响,以2年生三倍体毛白杨人工林为研究对象,研究2种灌水处理（W20、W45）和3种施氮水平（80、150、220 kg/(hm2·a)）下滴头正下方0～80 cm土层土壤含水率（soil water content,SWC）和无机氮（Nmin）的动态变化规律,结合林木生长情况,明确2年生三倍体毛白杨最佳水氮耦合策略。结果表明：W20处理能显著促进4－7月林木胸径生长（P<0.05）,水氮因子尚未表现出交互作用（P>0.05）。灌溉能显著影响SWC,旱季（4月底至6月中旬）W20处理平均SWC达到11.3%,较空白对照（CK）提高37.5%;雨季（6月下旬至8月初）SWC受降雨影响整体提升,处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）。旱季Nmin在0～80 cm土层逐渐积累,集中分布在0～20 cm表土层,且随施氮量增加而增加;雨季Nmin向深土层移动,W20处理Nmin出现深层淋溶,W45处理各土层Nmin分布均匀,其中W45N150处理0～80 cm土层Nmin平均质量分数达到44.27 mg/kg,显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）。生长季末各处理Nmin均增加,在土层中产生积累。综上,N150处理能保证整个生长季内0～80 cm土层充足的氮素含量,结合林木生长情况判断,4－7月W20处理能显著促进毛白杨幼林生长（P<0.05）,8月份开始W45处理即可满足林木生长对水分的需求。     

畜禽粪便与秸秆混合发酵及贮藏阶段沼液中碳氮元素变化

为研究沼液从产生到贮藏期间碳氮元素的变化规律,将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合,进行中温厌氧发酵,并在常温下以密闭静置、密闭搅拌、敞口静置、敞口搅拌等4种方式贮藏沼液,跟踪并分析了猪、鸡粪和秸秆混合发酵沼液在厌氧发酵及贮藏期间碳、氮元素的形态和含量变化。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,沼液中的总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)浓度均有所增加,增加幅度在15.0%~36.1%之间,其中TOC在第18 d达到最高浓度(6467 mg·L~(-1)),TN在第23 d达到最高浓度(4181 mg·L~(-1))。贮藏阶段,沼液中的TOC、TN浓度均有所降低,TOC先下降后升高,总体降低幅度较小(2.9%~12.0%),降幅顺序为敞口静置敞口搅拌密闭静置密闭搅拌;TN先升高后降低,总体降低幅度较大(4.2%~56.2%),降幅顺序为密闭静置密闭搅拌敞口静置敞口搅拌。综上,厌氧发酵18~23 d的沼液碳氮元素含量最高,采用密闭静置方式并缩短贮藏时间可减少沼液贮藏过程氮元素的损失。     

桑葚果酒的酿造工艺研究

以安徽滁州产地的成熟桑葚为原料,对桑葚果酒发酵工艺进行研究。以发酵速率为主要考察指标,并结合主发酵时间,产品酒精度,残糖量及pH指标,进行了桑葚酒酿造的单因素试验,在此基础上选出主要影响因子进行进一步酿造工艺优化。结果表明,发酵温度和初始糖含量对桑葚酒的发酵速率有显著的影响,而酵母接种量影响不显著;选用F15酵母菌种,发酵温度为22°C,酵母接种量为0.01%,初始糖含量调整为21%,主发酵时间为4 d,此条件下酿造的桑葚果酒酒体澄清,呈深红色,有光泽,具有典型的桑葚果香及酒香,口感柔和,酒体丰满。     

Environmental Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants Using Degradation Data

The degradation behavior of an emerging contaminant is a key factor in its environmental risk assessment. Existing risk assessment methods based on EC degradation data commonly neglect the time-varying volatility of the degradation, the possible correlations in degradation between different ECs, and the estimation errors. To fill the gaps, this paper proposes an EC risk assessment framework based on the Wiener process. We first focus on degradation data from competitive experiments, which are adopted to evaluate a useful risk indicator, i.e., the bimolecular rate constant of a degradation reaction. A two-dimensional Wiener process model is developed to capture the degradation behaviors of the target EC and a reference contaminant in the experiment. Point and interval estimations of desired quantities, including the rate constant and the degradation half-life, are developed. We further extend the model to the multivariate case, which is applicable to waste water treatment where multiple ECs degrade in a mixed solution. A risk indicator for the mixed solution is proposed, based on which a minimal treatment time can be determined. Both point and interval estimation procedures of the risk indicator and the minimal treatment time are proposed. Two EC degradation datasets are used to demonstrate the proposed methodologies.   Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.     

用于砂土层连续采样的柔性软袋式钻取采样技术研究

砂土是地球表面常见的一种覆盖物,由于风力和水力的搬运作用导致传统浅层采样器所采集的样芯信息量不足,并且由于砂土颗粒之间的内聚力小流动性大,传统环刀压入方法无法采集到长度大于20cm并且具备连续层序信息的样品。为此提出一种柔性软袋式取芯技术,采用内置柔性袋取芯机构的外螺旋钻具对砂土进行钻取采样,以提高采样的样芯长度并保持层序信息。分析了取芯钻具与砂土相互接触的机理以及对采样样芯的扰动情况,通过仿真模拟的比对揭示了传统环刀压入法对样芯扰动的原因。搭建了试验台并针对传统环刀压入法与柔性软袋式取芯方法的采样率进行了对比试验,结果显示后者取芯率随转速增加下降10.4%,前者随压力增加提高16.4%,使用柔性软袋方法取芯率均值从13.08%提高到84.08%,并能保持连续的样芯层序信息。     

生物絮团养殖模式下益生菌添加对异育银鲫生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响

前期研究表明,生物絮团技术(biofloc technology,BFT)适于异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖。为进一步优化BFT养殖模式,本研究设置3个实验组:BFT模式下EM菌添加组(BB组)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)添加组(BI组)和BFT对照组(B组),以均体重(1.60±0.50)g的异育银鲫为研究对象,探讨BFT模式下外源添加益生菌对养殖动物生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响。结果表明:(1)益生菌添加组异育银鲫增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),BB和BI组的增重率分别提高了216.70%和184.04%,特定生长率分别提高了141.18%和125.49%,BB和BI组间差异不显著(P0.05);(2)益生菌添加组(BB组和BI组)的消化酶(淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶)活性均显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05)。益生菌添加组间,BB组淀粉酶活性显著高于BI组(P0.05),脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦高于BI组,但差异不显著(P0.05);(3)益生菌添加组肠道肌层厚度和黏膜下层厚度显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05),BB组异育银鲫肠道黏膜皱襞高度和皱襞间质宽度与BI和对照组相比,均无显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,BFT养殖模式下外源添加益生菌可以更好地促进异育银鲫生长。     

酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活性和肠道形态的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、血清生化指标、肝胰腺消化酶活性以及肠道形态的影响。酵母水解物添加量分别为0%、1%、3%和5%,配制4种等氮等脂(42.5%粗蛋白和8.5%粗脂肪)的实验饲料。选取初始体重为(1.86±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果表明饲料中添加5%酵母水解物组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于对照组(P0.05),而该组饲料系数(FCR)最低(P0.05)。对虾全虾粗蛋白含量随饲料中酵母水解物的增加而呈上升趋势,且5%酵母水解物添加组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。添加5%的酵母水解物显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血清总蛋白(TP)和甘油三酯(TG)含量,降低了谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的活性(P0.05)。各处理组肝胰腺淀粉酶活性和对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但3%酵母水解物添加组的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3%酵母水解物添加组的对虾肠道皱襞高度和皱襞宽度显著高于对照组(P0.05),而5%添加组的微绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加3%~5%的酵母水解物能有效改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能、提高饲料利用率、促进消化吸收以及改善肠道形态学指标。