新型化合物唑嘧氯草胺的作用机制

采用培养皿法和常规生化方法,研究了新型除草剂唑嘧氯草胺(暂定名,代号:ZJ-2725)的作用机制。结果显示,同时添加20mg/L浓度的缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸能完全恢复唑嘧氯草胺对苘麻芽的生长抑制作用,而添加相同浓度的单一支链氨基酸只能部分消除其抑制作用。离体条件下,随着唑嘧氯草胺浓度的增大,对乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)活性的抑制率增加,ALS活性随反应时间的延长而增加,且两者之间符合Michaelis-Meten方程;活体条件下,唑嘧氯草胺对苘麻的ALS也表现出明显的抑制作用,ALS活性明显下降。表明唑嘧氯草胺在植物体内抑制了3种支链氨基酸的生物合成,进而导致植物蛋白质合成受阻而使植物生长受到抑制,ALS即为唑嘧氯草胺的作用靶标。     

北方农业气象灾害的时空分布特征研究

[目的]研究北方农业气象灾害发生的时空分布特征。[方法]基于北方各省区多年的统计数据,采用地学统计以及GIS相结合的方法,对北方各地区多年的干旱、洪涝、冰冻、风雹等主要农业气象灾害数据进行了时空格局的分析,阐述了近年来我国北方地区各种农业气象灾害发生的频率和动态变化的空间分布特征。[结果]北方不同的农业气象灾害具有明显的时空分布特征,20世纪80年代受干旱和风雹影响较大,90年代以洪涝灾害为主,2000—2010年则以洪涝和低温冷冻为主;从整体受灾率和成灾率上讲,北方各地区从大到小依次为华北区、东北区、西北区。[结论]该研究为北方各地区农业气象灾害预警机制的建立和完善提供依据。     

化肥配施生物炭对稻田田面水氮磷流失风险影响

在控制外源氮输入相同的前提下,通过大田试验研究生物炭部分替代化肥作为底肥,不同生物炭施用量(5、10、20 t·hm~(-2))对水稻生长期内稻田田面水氮磷迁移转化特征的影响。研究结果表明:各处理的田面水总氮、硝氮、铵氮浓度在施肥后第3 d达到最高,然后迅速下降,并逐渐稳定;田面水总磷浓度在施肥后2~4 d内增幅较小,而后迅速下降至稳定,施加生物炭对田面水总磷的影响不大;可溶性磷浓度在施肥后2~4 d内处于平稳下降的状态,之后迅速下降至稳定。稻田施肥后10 d内是控制氮磷流失的最佳时段。采用生物炭代替部分化肥的施肥方式,在一定范围内能降低稻田田面水的氮磷浓度,稻田退水氮、磷的输出负荷分别减少了39%~50%和38%~50%,显著提高了水稻生态效益。通过综合效益评估可知,施加5 t生物炭代替化肥是综合效益最高的施肥方法,该施肥方式下氮、磷的年输出负荷分别为16.83、1.89 kg·hm~(-2)。     

果园在线混药型静电喷雾机的设计与试验

为提高果园轻型机动喷雾机的作业性能,设计了一种果园在线混药型静电喷雾机,进行了混药均匀性与稳定性试验和静电喷雾沉积试验。试验测得混药均匀性和混药稳定性的最大变异系数分别为4.46%和3.51%。采用风辅静电喷雾方式的无冠层采样架上采样点正面的雾滴附着率相对于无风辅无静电喷雾方式分别提高了9.3%、46.3%和53.2%,采样点反面的雾滴附着率分别提高了82.9%、164.3%和184.2%。风辅静电喷雾下在仿真柑橘树冠层内部叶片正面的雾滴附着率为48个/cm2左右,叶片反面为37个/cm2,相对于无风辅无静电方式分别提高了166.7%和428.6%。试验结果表明：所设计的在线混药系统具有良好的混药性能,风辅静电式喷雾系统可提高雾滴吸附能力和穿透能力,能够满足25个/cm2的病虫害防治附着率要求。该研究为果园喷雾机的机构设计和性能优化提供参考。     

电子鼻技术在肉与肉制品检测中的研究进展和应用展望

电子鼻因具备操作简单、能够快速、无损检测的特点,满足人们对肉与肉制品安全指标高效和高精确度检测提出了更高的要求.本文阐述了电子鼻技术的检测原理和其在硬件和软件系统方面的发展;从肉与肉制品的新鲜度检测、掺假检测、风味评价、病原微生物污染检测四个方向,对近年来电子鼻技术在肉与肉制品检测的应用研究进展进行了分析,突出了电子鼻...     

基于移动4G的株距自适应玉米收割机优化设计

为了提高玉米收割机的株距的自适应能力、降低漏采率、提升工作效率,设计了一种新的株距自适应玉米收割机,大大提高了玉米收割机的作业精度和效率。依据移动4G信号的传播特性,设计了玉米株距实时测量系统,针对中国4G现场测试环境,研究提出了一种电波传播特性测量与建模方法,结合高性能测试仪器和虚拟仪器技术设计构建了3.5GHz测量系统。测量得到的株距量由A/D转换器转换为数字信号,再由单片机进行处理,对执行末端发出指令,调整玉米收割机割台分禾器的间距,从而可以对不同株距的玉米进行收割作业。对设计的玉米收割机进行测试发现:其株距自适应能力较好,可以随株距的变化自动调整分禾器间距,玉米穗的漏采率和破碎率较低,符合高精度作业玉米收割机的设计要求,为玉米自动化收割机械装置的研究提供了较有价值的参考。     

延黄牛ALDH1A1基因CDS序列克隆及其在各组织中的表达差异研究

为探索乙醛脱氢酶1A1(acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1,ALDH1A1)基因功能,本试验以16月龄延黄牛母牛为研究对象,屠宰后采集心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃、十二指肠、皮下脂肪和背最长肌,提取总RNA。根据GenBank上公布的牛ALDH1A1基因mRNA序列(登录号:NM_174239.2),利用Oligo 7.0软件设计引物,应用RTPCR扩增ALDH1A1基因,将扩增产物连接pMD18-T载体进行克隆测序,获得延黄牛ALDH1A1基因完整CDS序列,应用生物信息学软件分析核苷酸序列及其蛋白结构。以延黄牛不同组织总RNA为模板,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测ALDH1A1基因在延黄牛各组织间的表达差异。结果显示,ALDH1A1基因CDS序列全长1 506bp,编码501个氨基酸;延黄牛ALDH1A1基因序列与野牛、牛的同源性最高(≥99.7%),与猫和豹的同源性分别为89.4%和89.6%,符合物种进化规律。ALDH1A1蛋白分子质量为54.805ku,理论等电点为7.16,亲水性较强,占86.4%,酸性氨基酸和碱性氨基酸分别占11.4%和12.2%,属于可溶性蛋白,但不是分泌性蛋白,无典型信号肽切割位点;存在31个氨基酸磷酸化位点(分值>0.5)。延黄牛ALDH1A1蛋白二级结构含有α-螺旋、延伸链、β-转角和无规则卷曲,分别占42.12%、16.17%、8.18%和33.53%,与该蛋白三级结构预测结果相同。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,ALDH1A1基因在延黄牛肝脏、胃、皮下脂肪、十二指肠和肾脏组织中极显著表达(P<0.01);在背最长肌中显著表达(P<0.05)。本试验结果为进一步开展延黄牛ALDH1A1基因功能及肉质基因筛选研究提供了参考依据。     

明胶/PVA类肥料包膜材料的制备与环保性能研究

具有较好环保性能的包膜材料用于缓控释肥生产,可防止膜材料对土壤造成的潜在危害.本文以明胶、聚乙烯醇为原料复合共混制备膜材料,利用红外光谱(FTIR),扫描电镜(SEM)表征材料结构,并研究了膜材料拉伸强度和断裂伸张率力学性能,受控堆肥条件下的生物降解行为,明胶/PVA复合材料包膜尿素的养分缓释性及对小鼠的急性经口毒性....     

Effects of supplemental vitamin E during the mature period on the reproduction performance of Taiwan Native Chicken cockerels

One-day-old Taiwan native male chicks were fed with maize-soybean rearing diets without supplemental vitamin E to 23 weeks of age. From 23 to 52 weeks of age, the cockerels (n = 90) were assigned at random to 5 dietary treatments and fed with maize-soybean diets supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg of vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate). Pullets (225) of the same age were fed with standard diets throughout. They were artificially inseminated with one dose of 0.04 ml/bird intact and 5-fold diluted pooled semen at 31 to 43 weeks of age and at 49 weeks of age, respectively. The criteria evaluated included: semen quality, fertility and maximum and effective duration of fertility, blood characteristics, body and testes weight. Supplemental vitamin E did not affect cockerels' effective duration of fertility and percentage of fertility. However, when pullets were inseminated with diluted semen, supplementing 160 mg/kg vitamin E increased the maximum duration of fertility at 49 weeks of age. Cockerels receiving 40 to 160mg/kg supplements had higher sperm viability and motility after 39 weeks of age and those fed 80 mg/kg had higher sperm concentration at 39 weeks of age. Cockerels receiving supplements of more than 40 mg/kg vitamin E had higher body weight gain. Plasma cholesterol and testosterone were not affected by supplemental vitamin E. However, plasma luteinising hormone (LH) concentration was lower in cockerels fed 160 mg/kg. Lack of supplemental vitamin E over 39 weeks was associated with lower semen quality but did not reduce the proportion of fertile eggs laid by inseminated hens, perhaps because the insemination dose compensated for low sperm quality. We found that the maximum duration of fertility might be improved by supplementing 160 mg/kg vitamin E at 49 weeks of age.     

Dietary phosphorus requirement of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reared in freshwater

A study was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus for GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Six purified diets were formulated to contain graded levels (0 (control diet), 2.9, 4.8, 7.6, 9.1 and 10.9 g kg^?1 diet) of available phosphorus. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 12 fish with initial average weight (46.03 ± 2.14) g for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish fed the three lowest phosphorus diets (0, 2.9 and 4.8 g kg^?1) had significantly lower weight gain rate, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency than those fed the other diets (P < 0.05). The survival rate of fish fed the control diet was significantly lower than that of the fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Whole body viscerosomatic index and crude lipid content decreased significantly with increasing dietary available phosphorus levels (P < 0.05), while the contents of crude ash, calcium, phosphorus in the whole body and vertebrae showed the opposite trend (P < 0.05). The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available phosphorus had significant effects on serum phosphorus concentration, enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone level. Quadratic curve analysis based on SGR indicated that the minimum dietary requirement of available phosphorus for maintaining optimal growth of tilapia was 8.6 g kg^?1.