北京西北部山丘地区成土母质对褐土的影响

北京附近低山丘陵地区的土壤,曾称棕壤^[7,13],至五十年代初期始更名为褐土,并沿用至今.褐土,作为一个独立的土类,是由C.A.查哈罗夫于1924年首先提出的.格拉西莫夫(1954,1979)曾对褐土的研究作了全面的总结和概述.     

4LZ-0.8型水稻联合收割机清选装置气固两相分离作业机理

为解决小型水稻联合收割机脱净率和损失率问题,提高脱粒清选质量,利用两相流动力学理论,分析了4LZ-0.8型水稻联合收割机脱粒清选分流筒中气流和杂物颗粒两相流动的规律。建立了杂物颗粒流的运动微分方程,导出了分离筒中杂物漂浮速度计算的一种方法,通过比较不同粒径、密度的物料的悬浮速度,得到了杂物颗粒最高速度与气流速度之比随气流速度变化的关系曲线,气流和杂物在分流筒及吸风管中运动时的压力损失随气流速度变化呈现先降后升的规律,压力损失中以加速损失和摩擦损失为主,各约占30%和26%。压力损失曲线存在最小值,此时的气流速度定义为经济气流速度。在喂入量为0.8 kg/s,谷草比为3:1脱粒条件下的经济的清选气流速度9.2 m/s,压力损失为630 Pa。该研究为4LZ-0.8型水稻联合收割机脱粒清选部件的参数优化设计及风机的选择提供了理论依据。     

Effects of N sources and methane concentrations on methane uptake potential of a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard soil

After removal of the above-ground plant debris three different soil layers were taken from a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard in Numata City, Japan. The potentials of soil CH₄ uptake at two initial CH₄ concentrations were studied under aerobic conditions in the laboratory, along with inhibition of soil CH₄ oxidation by urea-N or KNO₃-N addition. Due to long-term N inputs, the CH₄ uptake of the upper mineral layer of the orchard soil was 25.4% and 87.7% lower than that of the surface forest soil at 2.4 and 12.6 l l^–1 CH₄, respectively. Methane uptake of the forest soil decreased with increasing soil depths at two CH₄ levels. However, maximal CH₄-consuming activity occurred in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil at 12.6 l l^–1 methane. Nitrogen additions in the form of KNO₃ or urea at the rate of 200 g N g^–1 soil substantially reduced soil CH₄ uptake in the upper and sub-surface mineral layers at both sites, except that the addition of KNO₃-N had no apparent inhibitory effect on the CH₄ uptake in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil. A strong inhibitory effect of NO₃^– addition on the CH₄ uptake, in contrast to NH₄⁺, occurred in the surface forest soil. The use of KNO₃-N, as compared to urea or urea plus a nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide), resulted in a lower potential to cause inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in the 0- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil.     

基于半方差函数与等别的耕地质量监测样点优化布设方法

耕地的数量和质量在维护国家安全、社会稳定方面具有举足轻重的作用。该文以浙江省耕地质量监测试点松阳县为例,探讨县级尺度的耕地质量监测样点的布设方法。选择自然等指数的均方差和绝对偏差计算在允许误差范围内监测样点的样本容量;采用地统计学半方差函数分析耕地质量的变异情况,利用自然等指数的变异特征与规律实现监测样点的预布设;重点分析耕地质量等别、分等因素、耕地质量潜在变化区域的空间分布,结合等别组合的空间分布特征对预布设的监测样点进行优化,得到40个监测样点。研究成果提高了监测样点的精度、代表性、科学性,方法易操作推广,具有很好的应用价值,能为耕地质量监测的管理工作提供参考。     

脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥提高番茄产量及NPK养分吸收

为提高番茄肥料的利用效率,该文采用恒温培养和土培试验研究了自制番茄专用缓释肥（special slow-realease fertilizer for tomato,TSRF1和TSRF2）在酸、中、碱性土中的氮素释放特性以及对番茄产量、NPK养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在3种不同土壤中,氮素释放累积量均表现为普通复合肥（ordinary compound fertilizer,OCF）>商品缓释肥（commercial slow-release fertilizer,MSRF）>自制专用肥（special compound fertilizer for tomato,TCF）>自制专用缓释肥1（TSRF1）>自制专用缓释肥2（TSRF2）,且各施肥处理在3种不同土壤类型上的氮素累积释放量大小表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。在整个培养期,各施肥处理在3种不同土壤中氮素相对累积释放率大小总体表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土,且土壤中不同形态氮素累积量均是铵态氮大于硝态氮。铵态氮、硝态氮的累积量大小也表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。不同形态氮在3种土壤中的累积释放量动态释放以一级动力学方程拟合最好（r=0.963～0.998）。采用一级动力学方程,不同形态氮素的最大释放量表现为总N>NH4+-N>NO3--N,这与土壤中各形态氮素养分的累积释放特性变化规律表现一致。在土培试验中,两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）显著提高了番茄果实干物质量,较TCF、MSRF和OCF处理分别增加了18.18%、7.24%、31.40%和13.45%、2.96%、26.15%,且番茄产量在各处理之间的差异达到显著水平。各处理对氮素的积累量大小顺序为TSRF2>TSRF1>MSRF>TCF>OCF,对磷的吸收上表现为TSRF1>TSRF2>MSRF>TCF> OCF,钾素吸收积累量的趋势与氮素基本相同。与普通复合肥相比,两种专用缓释肥处理的N、P、K利用率分别增加了10.66%、20.53%和18.62%（TSRF1）,14.94%、18.48%和21.95%（TSRF2）。两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）在抑制剂的作用下,能够延缓肥料中N素养分的释放,增加番茄植株对氮磷钾养分的吸收,从而提高了NPK养分利用率和番茄产量。     

施肥对土壤不同碳形态及碳库管理指数的影响

分析了施肥对土壤活性碳（ＣＡ）、微生物生物量碳（ＣＭＢ）、矿化碳（ＣＭ）及碳库管理指数（ＣＰＭＩ）的影响。结果表明,不同土壤ＣＡ、ＣＭＢ、ＣＭ及ＣＰＭＩ的大小为：水稻土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉潮土。施肥对ＣＡ和ＣＰＭＩ,ＣＭＢ和ＣＭ的影响分别为：处理３〉处理〉处理１〉处理４〉ＣＫ,处理３〉处理５〉处理４〉处理１〉ＣＫ。在提高ＣＡ、ＣＭＢ、ＣＭ及ＣＰＭＩ方面,稻草肥、绿肥优于厩肥,厩肥高量施用优于常量施用。     

钙离子对两种基因型冬小麦萌发过程中盐胁迫效应的影响

以两种不同基因型冬小麦种子为试验材料,研究了外源Ca(NO3)2和CaC l2对小麦萌发过程中盐害的缓解作用。结果表明,150mmol L-1NaC l胁迫明显抑制小麦种子的萌发。盐胁迫主要影响小麦根和芽的伸长,对根数的影响较小。种子萌发过程中,小偃6号的耐盐性优于陕229。外源钙对两种小麦盐胁迫效应的缓解作用不同。6mmol L-1钙离子可明显减轻陕229的盐害作用,对小偃6号作用不大。盐胁迫对种子萌发过程中的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性具有明显的抑制作用。盐胁迫下,小偃6号种子的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性明显高于陕229。钙离子对盐胁迫下小麦萌发过程胚乳内蛋白酶的活性影响较大,对淀粉酶活性影响较小。     

Analysis of volatile compounds as spoilage indicators in fresh king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during storage using SPME-GC-MS

A method was developed for the analysis of salmon volatiles using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This method was used to monitor the volatiles of fresh king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) stored in ambient air or in a 40:60 (v/v) mixture of CO2:N2 over time. The levels of several of the volatile compounds were found to change during storage, with some showing a clear difference between storage in air and storage in CO2:N2. Of these, several alcohols (cyclopentanol, Z-2-penten-1-ol, 1-penten-3-ol, and 1-octen-3-ol) and aldehydes (hexanal, octanal, E-2-pentenal, and E-2-hexenal) were identified as potential markers for salmon freshness. Several other volatiles (acetoin, ethyl benzene, propyl benzene, styrene, 3-methyl butanoic acid, and acetic acid) were identified as potential markers for salmon spoilage. A comparison of salmon harvested with and without the "rested harvesting" technique showed that E- and Z-isoeugenol levels were increased by the use of the isoeugenol based anesthetic. The use of the anesthetic did not affect the levels of any of the other compounds identified.     

Nitrogen metabolism in flag leaf and grain of wheat in response to irrigation regimes

Although scarcity of irrigation water is one of the key limiting factors for wheat production in many regions of the world, by using partial irrigation at strategic times during the growing season, it might be possible to enhance productivity. We measured the changes in various parameters related to nitrogen (N) metabolism in flag leaf and grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants (cv. Jinan 17 and Lumai 21), which were subjected to five irrigation regimes until physiological maturity. Severely deficient or excessive irrigation during grain filling decreased the photosynthetic rate (A), the concentrations of N, free amino acid, and soluble protein, as well as the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and endopeptidase (EP) activity, though grain protein concentration might mainly depend on genotype. The activities of NR and GS were significantly positively correlated with A, but those of EP were significantly negatively correlated with A. The results indicate that while severe water stress aggravates the adverse effect on nitrogen metabolism, excessive soil moisture is also not useful during the grain‐filling stage, resulting in lower grain yield and quality. Our results suggest that applying an optimal irrigation regime in wheat fields still plays an important role in the improvement of grain yield and quality.