中外饲料产业发展概况和饲料质量安全问题现状

饲料质量安全是关系食品安全的大事,是世界普遍关注的热点问题。饲料质量安全直接关系到消费者的安全,世界各国正普遍重视和关注饲料的科学性和安全性,特别是疯牛病的出现,抗生素的使用,给饲料工业和畜牧业的发展带来一系列的问题。文章正是通过对中外饲料产业发展的概述以及对中外饲料质量安全问题现状的分析,从而引起全行业对饲料质量安全问题的关注。     

阿魏酸酯酶处理对羊草、玉米秸、稻秸及麦秸瘤胃体外发酵特性的影响

为了分析评价阿魏酸酯酶在瘤胃微生物降解利用秸秆等木质纤维性饲料中的功效,本研究采用短期人工瘤胃体外发酵试验,结合发酵产气自动记录技术,研究了在羊草、玉米秸、稻秸及麦秸4种不同粗饲料中添加2%比例阿魏酸酯酶39℃预处理16 h后对72 h瘤胃微生物发酵的影响.结果表明,加酶前后干物质消失率差异不显著(P>0.05);在添加阿魏酸酯酶后,总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)产生量由高至低依次为羊草、稻秸,玉米秸、麦秸;与对照组相比,添加阿魏酸酯酶后TVFA增幅由高至低依次为麦秸(+13.9%)、玉米秸(+13.6%)、羊草(+7.6%)、稻秸(+3.0%)(P<0.05).此外,添加阿魏酸酯酶亦可显著提高羊草和麦秸的体外发酵产气量(42.2%和16.6%),麦秸体外发酵产气速率提高37.5%(P<0.05).用阿魏酸酯酶预处理农作物秸秆等粗饲料,可促进瘤胃微生物对饲料细胞壁的降解,为今后进一步通过开展动物饲养试验来研究和开发酯酶的饲用价值提供了实践指导依据.     

动物基因定位的发展及其DNA标记技术研究进展

动物基因定位技术发展迅速,已在世界发达国家动物繁育领域得到了应用。本文介绍了动物基因定位技术发展的现状,以及动物基因定位标记的DNA技术,开创了动物基因定位和改良的新领域。研究动物的遗传结构和控制机制,揭示遗传结构和功能的内在联系。为动物定向培育的进一步发展提供参考。     

放牧对鸭茅能量积累及分配的影响

通过长期放牧试验，探讨了不同放牧强度下亚热带高山草地鸭茅种群能量积累规律及能量在不同构件之间的分配特征。在无放牧的对照草地及采食率分别为55％、65％、80％的放牧草地，鸭茅热值随放牧强度的增加而呈单峰曲线型变化，一定强度范围内的放牧干扰提高了鸭茅热值及能量的积累；根部能量的积累随放牧强度的提高而逐渐减少。在禁牧草地，鸭茅种群能量主要被低密度的大分蘖丛所分摊，随着放牧强度的提高，种群能量则逐渐均摊给高密度的小分蘖丛。     

一例犬腹水症的诊治

腹水症是指腹腔内液体非生理性贮留的状态。引起腹水症的原因很多,如心肾功能不全、肝硬化、低蛋白血症、腹膜炎和癌性腹膜炎等均可引起。笔者曾诊治一例因饲养管理不善和体内外寄生虫寄生而引起的犬低蛋白性腹水症,现报告如下:     

Influence of the embryo on intrauterine migration in sheep.

Mechanisms of intrauterine migration were examined in 55 ewes. In the first experiment, corpora lutea were removed from unilaterally ovariectomized ewes on d 4 (d 0 = estrus) and pregnancy was maintained by giving exogenous progesterone. In Exp. 2, the reproductive tract was altered surgically such that embryos initially entered the uterine horn contralateral to the site of ovulation. In Exp. 3, ewes received beads of silastic polydimethylsiloxane that released either cholesterol or estradiol-17 beta in an attempt to mimic embryonic synthesis of estradiol. In the fourth experiment, unilaterally ovariectomized ewes were superovulated and spacing of embryos within the uterus was then examined. In all experiments, ewes were slaughtered on d 15 and recovery of embryos or beads from each uterine horn indicated that migration had occurred. All ewes in Exp. 1 and 2 that had two conceptuses experienced embryonic migration. Beads impregnated with estradiol migrated farther (P less than .01) than cholesterol-containing beads (27.6 +/- 4.3 vs 12.5 +/- 1.6 cm, respectively). In Exp. 4, only one conceptus had migrated into the contralateral horn in all ewes. These results demonstrated that 1) embryonic migration was not affected by local vs systemic exposure to progesterone, 2) embryos migrated into the unoccupied horn, regardless of the initial horn of entry, 3) estradiol may stimulate embryonic migration, and 4) conceptuses were not equally distributed between horns.     

口蹄疫病毒2c基因的克隆及表达

从O型口蹄疫病毒China98株病毒材料中克隆到了非结构蛋白2C的基因，并成功地将该基因在大杆菌中进行了表达，为建立以基因工程产品为抗原，能区分人工免疫和自然感染动物的检疫方法提供也技术和材料条件。 sri     

浅析野生动物保护中的公众参与

野生动物是自然生态系统的重要组成部分,也是社会经济科研文化发展的重要资源。公众已成为影响野生动物保护管理工作开展的重要因素,关注公众对野生动物保护的参与情况具有重要现实意义。首先阐述了公众参与在野生动物保护管理工作的重要作用,参与实践中已经产生的积极作用、负面影响,参与形式的多样化,以及参与不当可能导致对野生动物保护管理的危害;其次从宣传教育工作不足和公众保护管理工作参与机制缺位等两大方面探析了导致公众参与对保护管理工作构成负面影响的成因;最后提出了更新宣传教育理念,优化宣传教育工作手段,创新参与机制等对策建议,以引导和吸引公众正确参与野生动物保护管理工作,发挥更为积极和显著的作用。     

The screening and evaluation of herbs and identification of herbal combinations with anti-viral effects on Newcastle disease virus

1. A total of 25 “heat-clearing and detoxifying” herbs used in Chinese medicine were investigated for their cytopathic effects on the growth of Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) in a chicken fibroblast cell line.

2. The 5 herbs with the highest virus inhibitory effects were Herba agastaches, Flos chrysanthemi indici, Rhizoma anemarrhenae, Astragalus root and Baikal skullcap root and these were used in herbal formulations. Anti-NDV activities of 4 formulations were tested on the growth of NDV in the DF-1 fibroblast cell line.

3. Formulation II, containing Baikal skullcap root, Astragalus root, Anemarrhena rhizome (1:1:2) and formulation IV containing Anemarrhena rhizome, Astragalus root and Flos chrysanthemi indici (1:1:1), which had strong anti-NDV activity in vitro, were used to determine the in vivo inhibitory effects of NDV-infection in chickens. After treatment with the two formulations serum IgY titres against NDV were improved, and morbidity was reduced in the NDV-infected chickens.

4. The results suggest that the components in formulations II and IV acted synergistically to improve resistance to Newcastle disease and provide a basis for the developing an anti-NDV herbal medicine.