Effect of Steeping Conditions on Wet-Milling Characteristics of Hard Red Winter Wheat

A batch-wise small-scale wet-processing laboratory for whole wheat kernel has been designed and constructed to produce wheat starch and gluten from wheat grains. Hard red winter wheat kernels were steeped in three steeping media: SO₂ solution, lactic acid, and hydrochloric acid. Acid concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5%, were used for SO₂ solutions and hydrochloric acid, and 0.1, 0.6, and 3.0% for lactic acid. After 16, 20, and 24 hr of steeping, the wheat was wet-milled. Yields and protein contents of wet-milling fractions were compared. Both high concentration of steeping media and long steeping time increased the starch yield and decreased the protein contents of the starch. However, the steeping time and acid concentration could be reduced from 24 to 20 hr and from 0.5 to 0.3%, respectively, without any statistically significant difference in starch yields or protein contents of the starch. Consistency and color of the starch were affected by both steeping time and acid concentrations of steeping media.     

Forest biomass and root–shoot allocation in northeast China

Temperate and boreal forests act as major sinks for atmospheric CO₂. To assess the magnitude and distribution of the sinks more precisely, an accurate estimation of forest biomass is required. However, the determinants of large-scale biomass pattern (especially root biomass) are still poorly understood for these forests in China. In this study, we used 515 field measurements of biomass across the northeast part of China, to examine factors affecting large-scale biomass pattern and root–shoot biomass allocation. Our results showed that, Picea & Abies forest and coniferous & broadleaf mixed forest had the highest mean biomass (178–202 Mg/ha), while Pinus sylvestris forest the lowest (78 Mg/ha). The root:shoot (R/S) biomass ratio ranged between 0.09 and 0.67 in northeast China, with an average of 0.27. Forest origin (primary/secondary/planted forest) explained 31–37% of variation in biomass (total, shoot and root), while climate explained only 8–15%, reflecting the strong effect of disturbance on forest biomass. Compared with shoot biomass, root biomass was less limited by precipitation as a result of biomass allocation change. R/S ratio was negatively related to water availability, shoot biomass, stand age, height and volume, suggesting significant effects of climate and ontogeny on biomass allocation. Root–shoot biomass relationships also differed significantly between natural and planted forests, and between broadleaf and coniferous forests. Shoot biomass, climate and forest origin were the most important predictors for root biomass, and together explained 83% of the variation. This model provided a better way for estimating root biomass than the R/S ratio method, which predicted root biomass with a R² of 0.71.     

宁夏回族自治区平罗县主要农作物碳足迹研究

农田碳足迹可以全面地反映农作物生产过程中各种因素引起的碳排放效应,是指导农业生产节能减排的重要指标。为探明农作物生产的碳足迹,基于宁夏回族自治区平罗县农田生产的实地调查数据,利用碳足迹的基本理论和方法,测算了该县农作物碳足迹。结果表明,水稻、玉米和小麦的碳足迹分别为1 487.56±164.59,913.03±142.99和809.75±144.99kg Ce/(hm2.a);碳成本分别为0.17±0.05,0.08±0.02g和0.12±0.03kg Ce/kg;化肥的施用量是影响碳足迹的主要因素,而水稻生产过程中灌溉水及育秧过程也是其碳足迹较高的主要原因。为了提高农田固碳减排增汇效益,应压缩水稻种植面积,扩大玉米和小麦种植,同时,建立节肥低碳高效的种植模式是实现平罗县农田节能减排的有效途径。     

黄花菜胚囊受精前后的超微结构观察

 应用透射电镜技术研究黄花菜（Hemerocallis citrine Baroni）助细胞、卵细胞、中央细胞、 合子与初生胚乳核的超微结构特征。结果如下：助细胞有高度发达的丝状器;一个助细胞在花粉管进入 后退化;宿存助细胞在合子期退化。受精前,卵细胞、助细胞合点端无壁,细胞膜完整;受精后,合子 被完整的细胞壁包围。受精前超微结构特征显示卵细胞代谢活动低,合子期的代谢活性被激活;中央细 胞、初生胚乳核代谢活性较高。卵细胞质中的精核由双层核膜包被,染色质高度凝聚,核孔数少。助细 胞、卵细胞、中央细胞缺乏中央大液泡是黄花菜成熟胚囊的显著特征。     

品种及初生重对仔猪死亡率和21日龄个体重的影响

试验对2 319头仔猪的初生重与21日龄个体重和死亡率进行分析。结果表明:大约克仔猪哺乳期死亡率最低,21日龄体重最高;随着初生重的增加,仔猪死亡率降低,21日龄个体重增加。     

内蒙古典型草原草畜系统适宜放牧率的研究Ⅰ.以绵羊增重及经济效益为管理目标

(1)绵羊个体增重与放牧率呈线性负相关,个体最大增重临界放牧率,因季节不同而变化,随着个体增重与放牧率回归系数b绝对值的增大而降低,以始、终放牧期间所得临界放牧率最小,(2.04羊/hm²)。(2)公顷增重与放牧率的关系符合二次曲线,在达到公顷最大增重以前,随着放牧率的增大而增大,之后则随着放牧率的增大而下降,平均543羊/hm²。(3)公顷最大增重并不一定获取公顷最大利润,主要视买卖价格及其差值而定。(4)以冷蒿小禾草为主的退化草原,宜以个体最大增重的适宜放牧率作为管理标准,以使该类草原在利用中得以恢复。     

花椒病虫害影响因素的初步研究

花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim属芸香科花椒属植物,四川省北川县青片乡花椒种植面积较大,由于当地花椒风味独特,市场供不应求.但是,当地花椒树一直受根腐病、花椒虎天牛和花椒瘿蚊的危害,致使约80%的椒树未达到盛果期就死亡.     

NaCl胁迫对丁香‘瓷蓝’光合作用及叶绿素荧光的影响

为研究NaCl胁迫对丁香‘瓷蓝’光合作用的影响,以‘瓷蓝’的一年生扦插苗为试材,对不同浓度NaCl胁迫下‘瓷蓝’的叶绿素含量、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数等进行研究。结果表明:盐胁迫使得光合性能降低,并且随着盐浓度的增加,叶绿素含量、光化学猝灭系数(q P)、PSⅡ的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)呈下降趋势。非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)呈先增加后下降趋势。光合速率下降的主要原因为气孔限制。‘瓷蓝’的耐盐范围在0.4%以下,在盐浓度低于0.4%时会通过提高非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)来抵抗胁迫造成的伤害,当盐浓度高于0.4%时其光合机构受损严重,产生严重光抑制。