国外抗Ug99小麦种质及国内品种抗秆锈性鉴定与评价

为预防强毒小种Ug99(TTKSK)及其突变菌株入侵我国引起小麦秆锈病流行、挖掘抗性资源和选育持久性抗病新品种,选用我国小麦秆锈菌主要小种21C3CTH、21C3CFH和34MKG对国外抗Ug99的78个小麦品种(系)和国内142个小麦品种进行田间成株期抗性鉴定,并利用SSR分子标记检测抗Ug99基因Sr22和Sr25在国内小麦品种中的分布。结果表明,国外品种(系)对供试单一小种的抗性频率分别为73.08%、84.62%和97.44%,表现全抗的为71.79%。国内品种对供试单一小种的抗性频率分别为57.04%、62.68%和66.2%,表现全抗的为50.7%,分子标记检测未检出抗病基因Sr22和Sr25。     

The spatial distribution and breeding behavior of neighbors affect the reproductive success of tits

The spatial distribution and breeding behavior of neighboring birds(conspecific and heterospecific)may influ-ence reproduction and the effects differ across spe...     

Carbon Dioxide Capture with Amine-Grafted Activated Carbon

There are several possible methods by which amine groups can be grafted on the surface of activated carbon (AC) to improve their capacity for CO₂ adsorption. Ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine were selected as amino compounds for anchoring on the surface of an oxidized AC. Oxidation of AC was carried out by concentrated nitric acid. For each amino compound, two “in-solvent” and “solvent-free” methods with a number of grafting times were studied. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption at 77 K and proximate and ultimate analysis were used to determine physical and chemical characteristics of the samples. Temperature-programmed (TP) CO₂ adsorption test from 30°C to 120°C were performed to investigate the effect of modification on CO₂ capture. The modification clearly had a negative effect on the textural characteristics of the samples, so the samples showed a less CO₂ uptake at lower temperatures. However, the decrease of capture capacity with increasing temperature is to somewhat softer for amine-grafted samples, so that they have a capacity comparable to the parent sample or even more than that at elevated temperatures. This property may give the new adsorbents this opportunity to be used at flue gas temperature with a higher efficiency. CO₂ capture capacity per unit surface area of all the amine-modified samples, however, was significantly improved, compared to the parent sample presenting a great influence of amino groups on the CO₂ capture capacity. Moreover, the used amine compounds and grafting methods were compared in terms of adsorbent characteristics and CO₂ uptake curves. Cyclic adsorption–desorption tests showed a satisfactory regeneration for the modified samples.     

农田排水沟水体与底泥中盐分迁移研究

基于陕西卤泊滩农田排水沟底泥盐分年内跟踪监测数据,探讨试验区排水沟底泥盐分的迁移特性和分布情况。研究结果表明:当前条件下研究区排水沟底泥盐分沿着水流汇集的方向和底泥层深度方向均有一定的累积,对流和水动力弥散是排水沟底泥盐分运动的主要机制;沟底泥盐分含量与水体水量呈负相关关系,而与水体盐分含量呈良好的正相关关系,且相关系数达到0.93;水体水量的变化是引起其本身和底泥盐分含量变化的主要因素。     

Effects of earthworms and plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on availability of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium in soil

Both earthworms and plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are ubiquitous and important for promoting circulation of plant macronutrients. Two series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of earthworm casts and activities on the growth of PGPR, and the inoculation of earthworms and PGPR on the availability of N, P, and K in soils, respectively. During a short incubation period (0–34 h), the extracts of earthworm (Pheretima guillelmi)‐worked soil significantly (p < 0.05) increased the abundance of the three species of PGPR, including N‐fixing bacteria (NFB) (Azotobacter chroococcum HKN‐5), phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Bacillus megaterium HKP‐1), and K‐solubilizing bacteria (KSB) (B. mucilaginous HKK‐1), in Luria‐Bertani (LB) broth. There were synergistic effects of dual inoculation of earthworms and PGPR on increasing the concentrations of NH$ _4^+ $ ‐N, (NO$ _3^- $ + NO$ _2^- $ )‐N, NaHCO₃‐extractable P, and NH₄OAc‐extractable K in the corresponding soils. Bioavailable N (the sum of NH$ _4^+ $ ‐N and [NO$ _3^- $ + NO$ _2^- $ ]‐N) in the dual inoculation was 4 to 24 times those inoculated with earthworms or NFB alone, respectively. The significantly higher concentrations of bioavailable N and P in the dual inoculation of earthworms and NFB or PSB may be due to the higher abundance of PGPR and/or higher activities of urease and acid phosphatase than those of single inoculation of NFB or PSB, respectively. Dual inoculation of earthworms and PGPR would be most effective in reducing the need for chemical fertilizers in agriculture.     

基于氮素循环的耕地畜禽承载能力评估模型建立与应用

为了避免畜禽粪便大量流失对环境构成威胁,指导农区畜禽养殖规模合理配置与布局,建立农牧结合、种养平衡、生态循环、环境友好型现代动物农业可持续发展产业模式,提供直观、实用、易行的科学方法,该研究基于农牧生产系统中"耕地-作物-畜禽"氮的流动循环规律及养分收支平衡原则,运用畜牧生产学及线性规划的理论与方法,引入猪饲料蛋白当量及粪便氮排泄当量等参数,设计建立农区耕地畜禽承载能力评估数学模型(N-LSCM)。并以四川农区为案例分析评估表明,2006年该农区畜禽养殖规模较为合理,对环境不构成威胁,且仍有新增22419574头猪(杜洛克×长白×大约克夏三元杂交,出栏体质量100kg的商品肉猪的头数)的发展潜力。     

畜禽粪便与玉米秸秆厌氧消化的产气特性试验

为设计厌氧消化器的有效容积提供参考,该文研究了不同混合比例下的粪便与秸秆在厌氧消化过程中的膨胀特性,同时在35℃条件下,采用批次模拟厌氧消化,对3种典型畜禽粪便和3种不同贮存方式的玉米秸秆进行中温厌氧产气特性试验,分析了6种典型物料的产气规律。试验结果表明:猪粪在厌氧消化过程中会发生膨胀,且干物质含量越高,膨胀系数越大;3种典型畜禽粪便以猪粪的产气效果最好,干物质产气量达到375.5mL/g;不同贮存条件下农作物秸秆的理化特性对产气特性有很大的影响,3种贮存条件的玉米秸秆以黄贮秸秆的产气效果最好,干物质产气量达到445.8mL/g。该文为物料贮存条件选择和优化厌氧消化工艺提供了依据和参考。     

动物源富铁功能食品开发研究进展

全球约有1/2的人口正面临着微量营养素摄取不足“隐性饥饿”的问题,学龄前儿童、孕龄女性的缺铁贫血比例更是高达1/3。缺铁会造成机体氧气运输和造血过程受阻、金属酶的合成与功能异常、能量代谢障碍、机体免疫功能下降等。提高农副产品中微量营养素,尤其是铁的含量和生物有效性,对解决这一人类营养与健康问题具有重大的科学和实践意义。动物源铁主要以血红素铁和铁蛋白形式存在,其生物利用率显著高于植物源铁和常见铁补充剂,是较为理想的补铁源。但大部分动物源食品中的铁含量不高,如何增加动物肉、蛋、奶中铁含量鲜有研究。本文从畜禽体内铁代谢和分布特征出发,对比主要铁源在生物体内的生物利用效率,分析影响畜禽产品中铁富集的主要因素,并综述了富铁动物性食品的研发进展和市场应用前景。     

茶园土壤真菌群落组成及影响因素研究

茶园土壤真菌群落多样性是评价茶园土壤环境质量与健康的重要依据。以代表性古茶山森林、现代茶园和古茶园土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina平台Hiseq 2500高通量测序技术,对真菌18S rDNA区段测序,结合土壤养分水平分析,探究不同类型土壤真菌群落组成及其与养分状况的关联性。结果表明：子囊菌、担子菌、接合菌、壶菌和球囊菌5个门的相对丰度占真菌群落的97.17%~99.67%,Cryptococcus、Archaeorhizomyces和Mortierella 3个属在森林和茶园土壤中分布广泛;土壤真菌群落多样性和丰度与土壤pH、C:N和Olsen-P的相关性明显高于有机质、碱解氮和有效钾;茶园土壤真菌数量和多样性优于森林土壤;属最佳分类水平上,森林土壤优势群落Hannaella、Trichoderma、Alternaria、Herpotrichiellaceae、Russula、Membranomyces、Gliocladiopsis、Penicillium等丰度与土壤C:N含量呈显著正相关关系,茶园土壤优势群落：Cryptococcus、Archaeorhizomyces、Fusarium、Exophiala、Mortierella和Metarhizium等丰度与土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效钾和Olsen-P呈显著正相关关系。茶树种植及年限和不同茶山土壤pH及碳氮磷钾养分状况与茶园土壤真菌群落结构及多样性关系密切。     

幼苗期淹水胁迫及喷施烯效唑对小豆生理和产量的影响

为探究幼苗期淹水胁迫及喷施烯效唑(S3307)对小豆(Vigna angularis)生理代谢和产量的影响,本研究于2018—2019年以龙小豆4号和天津红为试验材料,盆栽条件下,苗期进行预喷施S3307,同时连续淹水处理5 d并每天取样,测定分析相关生理指标。结果表明,幼苗期淹水胁迫引起小豆叶片H2O2和MDA含量、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高,ABA、IAA和SA含量显著提高,SOD、POD和CAT活性显著提高,淹水处理5 d导致龙小豆4号单盆产量显著下降8.40%~12.61%,天津红显著下降9.91%~10.01%。S3307具有抵御淹水胁迫的作用,能有效增加小豆叶片脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量,显著降低H2O2和MDA含量,能够显著提高SOD和POD活性以及SOD/POD、SOD/CAT,显著增加ABA和SA含量,并显著抑制IAA含量的上升。喷施S3307使淹水4 d的龙小豆4号产量显著提高2.85%~6.18%,使天津红淹水4 d的产量显著提高2.85%~3.95%。综上,淹水胁迫下,不同品种小豆在活性氧物质积累、膜质过氧化、抗氧化酶活性以及激素水平等方面的生理应激存在显著差异;喷施S3307能够有效缓解淹水胁迫对小豆生理和产量的影响。本研究结果为进一步研究小豆苗期抵御淹水胁迫的生理机制及提高淹水胁迫下小豆的产量提供理论依据。