长江中下游地区不同避涝作物种植模式对农田温室气体排放的影响

通过田间原位试验,研究长江中下游地区不同避涝作物种植模式对农田温室气体排放的影响,为该地区低碳作物种植模式的选择提供依据。利用静态箱法研究水稻-小麦(WRR)、黄心乌-茭白(WZR)、黄心乌-毛豆-荸荠(WECR)、水芹-芹芽-水稻(CCRR)和莲藕(LR)种植模式下农田的N₂O、CO₂和CH₄等温室气体的排放规律。结果表明：N₂O、CO₂和CH₄的排放具有明显的季节性,CO₂排放呈现夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季,CH₄和N₂O排放呈现夏季＞秋季;WECR、WRR和CCRR种植模式土壤CO₂排放量差异不显著,但都显著高于WZR,LR模式;WRR、CCRR和LR种植模式土壤N₂O排放量极显著高于WZR和WECR模式;LR极显著高于CCRR种植模式土壤CH₄排放量,而WZR、WECR和WRR极显著低于LR和CCRR。不同种植模式综合温室效应大小WRR＞CCRR＞WECR＞LR＞WZR,可见黄心乌-茭白模式综合温室效应最低,是长江中下游易涝区域低碳农业的较佳生产模式。     

不同秧龄对双季机插晚稻生长特性与产量形成的影响

为解决长江中下游地区双季机插晚稻移栽秧龄过长的问题,选取温光特性及熟期各不相同的4个代表性品种为材料,研究不同秧龄移栽对双季晚稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,随着移栽秧龄的增大,感温性水稻穂、成熟期均明显推迟,而感光型水稻生育期受影响较小;感温性迟熟品种25 天、30 天移栽产量显著下降,而感温性中早熟及感光性迟熟品种至30 天移栽产量才发生显著下降。最佳移栽秧龄为感温性晚稻15 天左右,感光性晚稻20 天左右。感温性品种作双季晚稻种植时应选用中早熟品种,而感光性品种可选用高产的中迟熟品种。     

Impact of epistasis and QTL × environmental interaction on the oil filling rate of soybean seed at different developmental stages

The oil accumulation in the developing soybean seed has been shown to be a dynamic process with different rates and activities at different phases affected by both genotype and environment. The objective of the present study was to investigate additive, epistatic and quantitative trait loci (QTL) × environment interaction (QE) effects of the QTL controlling oil filling rate in soybean seed. A total of 143 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Charleston and Dongnong 594 were used in this study to obtain 2 years of field data (2004 and 2005). A total of 26 QTL with significantly unconditional and conditional additive (a) effect and/or additive × environment interaction (ae) effect at different filling stages were identified on 14 linkage groups. Among the QTL with significant a effects, 18 QTL showed positive effects and 6 QTL had negative effects on seed filling rate of oil content during seed development. A total of 29 epistatic pairwise QTL underlying seed filling rate were identified at different filling stages. About 28 pairs of the QTL showed additive × additive epistatic (aa) effects and 14 pairs of the QTL showed aa × environment interaction (aae) effects at different filling stages. QTL with aa and aae (additive × additive × environment) effects appeared to vary at different filling stages. Our results demonstrated that oil filling rate in soybean seed were under genetic, developmental and environmental control.     

魔芋属植物花器生物学特性及其可交配性的研究

为了研究魔芋花器的主要生物学特性及其种间可交配性,以花魔芋、白魔芋、珠芽魔芋、西盟魔芋、勐海魔芋为材料,观察记录花芽发育过程的主要生物学性状,用光学显微镜观察花粉形态特征,采用离体萌发法检测花粉活力,通过人工授粉鉴定其交配性。结果表明：5种魔芋花器形态、色泽差异大,种内也有不同的变异,花魔芋与珠芽魔芋佛焰苞漏斗状,其余为舟状,其中花魔芋花器较大;光学显微镜下花粉粒形态不同;除珠芽魔芋外,其余4种魔芋种内异株杂交都表现出高度的亲和性,而种间正反交有差异,部分组合不亲和,以白魔芋为母本具有广亲和性。因此,白魔芋可作为魔芋亚种间基因交流的桥梁亲本。     

Agronomic traits of soybean cultivars released in different decades after grafting record‐yield cultivar as rootstock

Breeders have seldom considered the selection for root traits during the genetic improvement in soybean. It is hypothesized that grain yield would be increased by the root function improvement, especially for the current cultivars. The objective of this grafting experiment was to determine the effect of record‐yield cultivars L14 or Z35 as rootstocks on agronomic traits of cultivars released in different decades. A total of 11 cultivars, released in different decades, were used to graft onto L14 or Z35 rootstocks. The agronomic traits were measured in the pot‐culture experiments. Grafting cultivars released in different decades onto L14 or Z35 rootstocks resulted in higher yield, 100‐seed mass and apparent harvest index as compared with those of non‐grafted or self‐grafted plants. Grain yield gain of cultivars grafted onto record‐yield cultivar rootstocks was 0.40 g/plant/year from 1966 to 2006, which was larger than that of non‐grafts and self‐grafts (0.27 g/plant/year). The yield of current cultivars should increase more if their root functions were improved.     

吴起县耕地变化与粮食安全问题研究

本文选取全国退耕还林第一县——吴起县为研究对象,对吴起县自1997—2006年耕地变化动态与粮食生产情况进行了分析研究,运用最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数模型法,在分析吴起县自1997—2006年10年间耕地、人口、粮食动态变化的基础上,总结了该区域最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力的变化特点,并以此为基础提出了保障吴起县耕地动态平衡和粮食安全的一些建议。     

玉米不同叶位叶面积遗传效应及与环境互作效应分析

采用朱军包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体效应遗传模型(ADM模型),研究玉米不同叶位叶面积不同发育时期遗传效应及其与环境互作效应.结果表明棒三叶、穗上叶、穗下叶叶面积在吐丝期、灌浆期、乳熟期、腊熟期、成熟期遗传受到不同遗传体系及基因型与环境互作效应控制,不同叶位叶片面积的广义遗传率和大部分互作广义遗传率在不同发育时期达到极显著或显著水平,均不宜在早代选择.     

甜玉米的植物品种权申请

甜玉米是重要的食用玉米类型,近年来得到了较快的发展,甜玉米品种申请植物新品种保护的数量也在不断增加.甜玉米是受隐性基因控制的品种类型,和常规的玉米品种有着巨大的区别,种子较为皱缩,发芽率和生活力都较普通品种弱.作为大田作物,甜玉米杂交种的推广必须通过品种审定.为了更好地确保产业化发展和维护自身权利,最好还要取得植物新品种保护,得到植物新品种权.     

药剂浸种对菜心增产效果的研究初报

采用OPAL HA202和“保得”对菜心进行浸种处理,可以促进菜心地上部分生长,增加干物质的积累,提早抽薹,有明显的增产作用,其中以OPAL HA202 200倍液处理增产效果最为显著。     

菌渣还田对生菜生长、土壤养分及酶活性的影响研究

为考查菌渣的肥效及其对生态环境的影响,布置生菜栽培盆栽实验,研究施用菌渣还田对生菜生长、土壤养分、酶活性及微生物的影响。试验空白、菌渣、复合化肥、菌渣+复合化肥4个处理。结果表明：（1）施用菌渣,能促进青椒生长,但对生菜的生长促进不及化肥。（2）施加肥料能显著提高土壤养分,与空白处理相比,施纯菌渣对土壤全氮增加58.6%,碱解氮增加73.3%,硝态氮增加35.3%。（3）施菌渣能显著提高土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量,施纯菌渣处理的土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脱氢酶活性和脲酶活性分别是化肥处理的1.31、1.40、1.44倍;土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量分别为化肥处理的1.56、1.72、1.72倍。施用菌渣可提高农田土壤养分、有机质含量、土壤酶活性和微生物数量,减少养分流失,改善农田土壤生态环境,具有良好的推广应用价值。