亚精胺处理对大久保桃果实冷敏性的影响

以大久保桃为试材,用不同质量浓度的亚精胺(Spd)浸泡桃果实后进行0～1℃低温贮藏.结果表明,Spd处理一定程度上减轻了冷害的发生;与Spd 100mg/L和Spd 150mg/L相比,Spd 50mg/L对减轻果肉褐变、延缓冷害发生和降低果实冷害程度效果更好.说明适当浓度的亚精胺处理可有效降低大久保桃的冷敏性,延长保鲜期.     

偏心链轮传动机构的运动学分析及参数优化

针对偏心链轮传动机构工作过程中链条松紧变化大的问题设计了偏心张紧轮.通过优化张紧轮的转动中心位置、偏心量和初始角位移,使链条在周期中始终处于张紧状态.利用微分对该传动机构进行了运动学分析,列出了主、从链轮角位移关系的求解方程,并以此为基础,进行了传动系统的运动学分析和张紧轮的轮心坐标、初始相位角和偏心量的优化计算,其目标是在周期中使链条松紧波动最小.列出了优化实例,在优化过程中考虑了链节长度的非连续性.     

农作物固体废弃物致密成型燃料能量学对比分析

选取主要农作物固体废弃物为研究对象,综合考虑其热力学特性以及成型设备工程技术参数,对农作物的固体废弃物致密成型燃料与煤的能量学进行了比较研究。结果表明,对于秸秆类的固体废弃物致密成型燃料,由于其生产耗能高,仅当煤从生产地到使用地之间的输送距离超过4 000 km时,此类固体废弃物致密成型燃料与煤具有近似同等的能量竞争力;而对于果壳类的固体废弃物致密成型燃料,其生产耗能较低,临界输送距离较短。当煤从生产地到使用地之间的输送距离超过2200 km时,基于果壳类的固体废弃物致密成型燃料比煤更有能量优势;当煤从生产地到使用地之间的输送距离处于1500～2200 km时,基于果壳类的固体废弃物致密成型燃料与煤具有近似同等的能量竞争力;当煤从生产地到使用地之间的输送距离小于1000 km时,则基于果壳类的固体废弃物致密成型燃料失去了能量优势。     

基于计算机视觉的新疆棉种颜色分选系统设计

设计了一套基于机器视觉的脱绒棉种在线分选系统,采用种子平抛和气吹分离的方式实现了新疆地区红棕色棉种与黑色棉种的自动分选。研究了无序状态下的种子图像采集方法,并通过区域细分的方式解决了无序种子与气流喷嘴的对应关系。提出了种子位置跟踪和分离算法,实现了对棉种图像处理结果的延时分离操作。实验结果表明:在传送带速度为0.50 m/s时,分选精度为88.6%,选出率为80.7%。     

Free and conjugated phytosterols in cured tobacco leaves: influence of genotype, growing region, and stalk position

Although phytosterols in tobacco leaves have specific effects on tobacco quality, there is little research on the distribution of free and conjugated phytosterols in various tobacco leaves. In this paper, we explored the content and composition of phytosterols in representative cured tobacco leaves by gas chromatography of TMS-ether derivatives. We found that phytosterol contents in tobacco leaves ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 mg/g of dried leaf tissue, depending on different types of tobacco leaves. The majority of phytosterols (75-85%) were conjugated as ester and glycosides, with only about 15-25% existing in the free form. Furthermore, the genetic variability gives rise to the significant differences among different tobacco types with phytosterol levels: the contents of phytosterols in tobacco leaves decreased in the order of flue-cured tobacco, Oriental tobacco, Burley tobacco, cigar tobacco, and Maryland tobacco. At the same time, the tobacco curing process leads to a difference in phytosterol existing-form distribution in some variation laws.     

土地退化/恢复中土壤可蚀性动态变化

利用EPIC公式计算了不同开垦和退耕年限的土壤可蚀性K值,对黄土高原典型自然恢复区子午岭林区土地退化/恢复过程中土壤可蚀性的动态变化进行了系统的研究。结果表明：土地开垦后,土壤颗粒向粗骨化方向发展,有机碳含量降低,土壤可蚀性逐渐增强;土地退耕过程中,土壤有机碳含量逐渐增加,肥力水平提高,可蚀性逐渐减小;土壤中有机碳含量、全氮含量、水稳性团聚体含量以及团聚度与土壤可蚀性K值相关最为密切;土壤可蚀性的强弱本质上取决于土壤有机碳含量,恢复植被以提高土壤有机质含量,促进土壤团聚体的形成,增强土壤团聚度,是降低土壤可蚀性能的重要途径。     

柴油机应用不同配比生物柴油的经济性和排放特性

生物柴油经济性能和排放特性的试验对研究生物柴油的适用性具有重要意义。该文采用柴油机台架试验,测量了4种不同配比的生物柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放特性。试验结果表明：在不作任何调整的情况下,生物柴油及与石化柴油的混合燃料可以直接应用于柴油机,随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,柴油机的烟度、碳氢化合物HC和一氧化碳CO有较大幅度的下降,改善了柴油机的排放特性。采用生物柴油掺混比例为10%或20%时,可在柴油机经济性能改变较小情况下,改变柴油机的排放状态并减少污染物排放。     

Simulating site-specific impacts of climate change on soil erosion and surface hydrology in southern Loess Plateau of China

Proper spatial and temporal treatments of climate change scenarios projected by General Circulation Models (GCMs) are critical to accurate assessment of climatic impacts on natural resources and ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the site-specific impacts of climate change on soil erosion and surface hydrology at the Changwu station of Shaanxi, China using a new spatiotemporal downscaling method. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model and climate change scenarios projected by the U.K. Hadley Centre's GCM (HadCM3) under the A2, B2, and GGa emissions scenarios were used in this study. The monthly precipitation and temperature projections were downloaded for the periods of 1900–1999 and 2010–2039 for the grid box containing the Changwu station. Univariate transfer functions were derived by matching probability distributions between station-measured and GCM-projected monthly precipitation and temperature for the 1950–1999 period. The derived functions were used to spatially downscale the GCM monthly projections of 2010–2039 in the grid box to the Changwu station. The downscaled monthly data were further disaggregated to daily weather series using a stochastic weather generator (CLIGEN). The HadCM3 projected that average annual precipitation during 2010–2039 would increase by 4 to 18% at Changwu and that frequency and intensity of large storms would also increase. Under the conventional tillage, simulated percent increases during 2010–2039, compared with the present climate, would be 49–112% for runoff and 31–167% for soil loss. However, simulated soil losses under the conservation tillage during 2010–2039 would be reduced by 39–51% compared with those under the conventional tillage in the present climate. The considerable reduction in soil loss in the conservation tillage indicates the importance of adopting conservation tillage in the region to control soil erosion under climate change.     

苏打盐渍土地区芦苇地土壤盐分离子空间变异与群落关系研究

对松嫩平原西部苏打盐渍土地区芦苇小区土壤盐分离子和植被群落进行了分析,结果表明土壤盐分离子空间变异显著,四种阳离子(Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+)变异系数为0.60~1.22,四种阴离子(HCO3-、CO32-、C l-、SO42-)变异系数为0.35~1.41。离子中,Na+在阳离子中含量最高,HCO3-在阴离子中含量最高。群落间比较,碱茅+芦苇群落八大离子浓度均大于芦苇群落(p<0.05)。且土壤电导率、pH,以及株高、生物量、覆盖度也高于芦苇群落(p<0.01),因此随着土壤电导率、离子浓度的增加,芦苇小区土壤碱化程度加重,植被生长指标减小,植被群落也由芦苇群落向含有碱地植被的碱茅+芦苇群落过渡。     

银川平原土壤盐分及盐渍土的空间分布格局

系统认识和掌握盐渍土的空间分布特征,是治理改良盐渍土的基础。在总面积约6 184.9 km2的银川平原引黄灌区布设101个采样点,分层（0～180 cm）测定了土壤全盐量,应用地统计学方法结合GIS技术对其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,银川平原各层土壤盐分的分布类型均比较复杂,呈高度的偏态分布。土壤盐分的变异属于中等变异强度。0～120 cm土层盐分的空间相关距离一般在20～28 km;而深层（＞120 cm）土壤的空间相关距离较大,约34 km。银川平原表层土壤属于非盐化土、轻度、中度、重度盐渍土和盐土的土地面积分别为0、1 508.8、3 614.9、982.6和78.6 km2,总体属于中度和轻度盐化土类型,且呈现一定的盐分表聚趋势。重度盐渍土和盐土主要分布在银北的石嘴山市、平罗县、惠农县一带和银南的部分地区。总体来说,银川平原的土壤盐渍化现象依然严重,应加强研究与治理改良。