西红花真菌性病害与生防菌鉴定研究进展

西红花Crocus sativus为多年生草本植物,具有活血化瘀、凉血解毒、抗癌、抗氧化等多种药用价值。由于无性繁殖及连作障碍,西红花病害日益严重;以真菌性引起的西红花球茎腐烂病害最为常见,造成西红花产量锐减,严重影响产业发展。解决真菌性病害是提高西红花产量与品质的有效途径之一。围绕西红花土壤真菌性病害、西红花内生真菌、西红花真菌病害生防菌的分离与鉴定研究进展等展开综述,分析西红花研究前景。后续研究可以从3个方向展开,一是基于现代宏基因组测序技术挖掘西红花球茎腐烂致病菌和拮抗菌,二是基于合成生物学和发酵工程技术方法实现西红花药效物质的异源高效生物合成,三是创制西红花脱毒新种质,为生产提供可靠的优质种源。本研究能为西红花真菌性病害防治、生物菌肥的开发利用等研究提供参考。表3参89     

Detection of arboviruses in Culicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected from animal farms in the border areas of Yunnan Province,China

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera, family Ceratopogonidae) are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans, livestock, and wild animals. This study collected a total of 405 Culicoides individuals from seven animal farms located in five counties in the border areas of Yunnan Province, China, and examined the Culicoides species composition and the major arboviruses carried by the Culicoides species. The collected Culicoides were classified into seven species with variable abundances: Culicoides arakawae(5.43%, 22/405), Culicoides homotomus(1.23%, 5/405), Culicoides obsoletus(19.75%, 80/405), Culicoides orientalis(17.28%, 70/405), Culicoides oxystoma(29.38%, 119/405), Culicoides peregrinus(5.68%, 23/405), and Culicoides nipponensis(21.23%, 86/405). Among the seven species, C. oxystoma and C. nipponensis were distributed in all the five counties with abundances of 13.33–44.87% and 10.00–46.83%, respectively, suggesting that these were the dominant species of Culicoides widespread on animal farms in the border areas. PCR was used to detect major arboviruses in the collected Culicoides specimens, including bluetongue virus(BTV), Japanese encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, African swine fever virus, and African horse sickness virus. Among the tested viruses, only BTV serotype 1 was tested positive in C. oxystoma specimens collected from a buffalo farm. Culicoides oxystoma was the dominant species on animal farms in the sampled areas, but it has not previously been documented as positive for BTV in China. The current results thus suggest that C. oxystoma could be an important vector for BTV transmission in these border areas, which, however, needs to be confirmed by further comprehensive experiments. Overall, the present study provides the first profile of Culicoides species on animal farms in the China, Vietnam, and Myanmar border areas, establishes the prevalence of arboviruses carried by these Culicoides species, and suggests the vector potential of C. oxystoma species for the transmission of BTV.     

The effect of elevating temperature on the growth and development of reproductive organs and yield of summer maize

Compared to other crops, maize production demands relatively high temperatures. However, temperatures exceeding 35℃ lead to adverse effects on maize yield. High temperatures(≥35℃) are consistently experienced by summer maize during its reproductive growth stage in the North China Plain, which is likely to cause irreversible crop damage. This study investigated the effects of elevating temperature(ET) treatment on the yield component of summer maize, beginning at the 9th unfolding leaf stage and ending at the tasseling stage. Results demonstrated that continuous ET led to a decrease in the elongation rate and activity of silks and an elongated interval between anthesis and silking stages, and eventually decreased grain number at ear tip and reduced yield. Although continuous ET before tasseling damaged the anther structure, reduced pollen activity, delayed the start of the pollen shedding stage, and shortened the pollen shedding time, it was inferred, based on phenotypical and physiological traits, that continuous ET after the 9th unfolding leaf stage influenced ears and therefore may have more significant impacts. Overall, when maize plants were exposed to ET treatment in the ear reproductive development stage, the growth of ears and tassels was blocked, which increased the occurrence of barren ear tips and led to large yield losses.     

阿魏菌丝体营养生理特性研究

为探究阿魏菌丝生长的最适合条件,研究不同营养条件和不同培养条件下阿魏菌丝的生长速度。结果表明:最适宜阿魏菌丝生长的碳源是麦芽糖,氮源是蛋白胨。对阿魏菌丝生长有促进效果的是磷酸二氢钾和硫酸镁,而硫酸亚铁有抑制作用。温度为25℃时,菌丝生长最快。阿魏菌丝在微碱性培养基环境中长势较好,其最适宜pH为8.0。     

杭州湾滨海湿地CH4排放通量的研究

2013年4—9月,利用静态明箱–气相色谱法对杭州湾裸滩湿地、海三棱藨草湿地、芦苇湿地和互花米草湿地CH4排放通量进行了原位观测,并利用室内厌氧培养法测定了0~30 cm深度的土壤CH4产生潜力。结果表明:整体而言,裸滩湿地表现为CH4的吸收源,CH4排放通量春季高、夏季低;海三棱藨草湿地、芦苇湿地和互花米草湿地表现为CH4的排放源,CH4排放通量均呈现夏季高、春秋季低的季节变化。平均CH4排放通量表现为:互花米草湿地(1.589 mg/(m2·h))芦苇湿地(0.722 mg/(m2·h))海三棱藨草湿地(0.218 mg/(m2·h))裸滩湿地(–0.068 mg/(m2·h)),互花米草湿地各月CH4排放通量均显著高于其他湿地。0~30 cm深度平均土壤CH4产生潜力表现为:互花米草湿地(0.050μg/(g·d)芦苇湿地(0.042μg/(g·d))裸滩湿地(0.030μg/(g·d)海三棱藨草湿地(0.027μg/(g·d)),互花米草湿地各土层CH4产生潜力显著高于其他湿地(除0~5 cm外)。裸滩湿地土壤CH4产生潜力没有明显的空间垂直变化趋势,CH4产生潜力最大值、最小值分别出现在10~20 cm和5~10 cm土层。其他3类湿地0~5 cm土层的CH4产生潜力最大,土壤CH4产生潜力整体上随着土壤深度的增加而减小;海三棱藨草湿地和芦苇湿地5~10 cm土层的CH4产生潜力最小,互花米草湿地20~30 cm土层的CH4产生潜力最小。土壤p H、有机碳和全氮含量对CH4排放通量有显著的影响。     

海藻提取物与养分配施对葡萄果实品质及养分吸收的影响

研究海藻提取与养分配施对葡萄果实品质和养分吸收的影响,以“阳光玫瑰”葡萄为试验材料,设置5个处理:NPK 水溶肥(CK)、0.375% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T1)、0.75% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T2)、1.5% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T3)和3% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T4)。结果表明,海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施能增加葡萄单穗重、产量和SPAD 值,T1、T2 和T3 处理果实可溶性糖和糖酸比含量分别较CK 提高77.98%、17.51%、1.42% 和69.45%、35.65%、11.45%,T4 处理降低果实可溶性糖和糖酸比含量。T2 处理果实磷含量和叶片钾含量最高,较CK 分别显著提高26.97% 和47.87%。此外,海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施均增加果实香气化合物种类,其中,T2 处理果实香气化合物种类数最高。主成分分析中,T2 处理的葡萄果实产量、品质、养分吸收和果实香气物质影响中得分最高。综合分析,海藻提取物与养分一定比例配施能够提高葡萄产量、改善品质、促进养分吸收以及增加果实香气物质种类和相对含量,其中,0.75% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施处理效果更佳。     

保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量的影响

使用保水剂是有效利用和改良风沙土的重要途径。通过研究垂直入渗率、累积入渗量、渗吸持续时间、渗透系数4项入渗特征量以说明在5-7cm深度处层施保水剂对于风沙土水分垂直入渗的影响,测定入渗结束后土壤各层含水量以研究受试体系的水分垂直分布。结果表明,试验处理可使垂直入渗率在各时间点有不同程度减小,有3种保水剂处理累积入渗量均增加了42%左右(1%处理),渗吸持续时间增长了134%~390%,渗透系数减小了65%~85%,且4种变化趋势均随保水剂用量的增加而加剧。入渗结束后土壤水分垂直分布也发生明显变化：保水剂-土壤混合层含水量上升52%~178%,上层土壤含水量明显增加但下层土壤略微降低。研究表明,保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量影响十分明显。     

苏云金杆菌Cry2Ab可溶蛋白的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

苏云金杆菌Cry2Ab蛋白是一类对鳞翅目昆虫有特异性毒性作用的毒素蛋白,已广泛应用于针对鳞翅目害虫的防治之中。依据苏云金杆菌cry2Ab基因序列设计一对全长引物,从苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)WB9菌株总DNA中克隆出cry2Ab基因全序列,构建Cry2Ab-PK表达载体,将获得的Cry2Ab-PK阳性克隆进行原核诱导表达,获得约90kD的Cry2Ab-GST融合蛋白,经批量纯化并切除GST标签后获得可溶Cry2Ab蛋白,约65kD。利用纯化Cry2Ab可溶蛋白免疫新西兰雄性大白兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus),制备Cry2Ab兔源多克隆抗血清,通过间接ELISA法测定Cry2Ab抗血清效价超过1:150000。Western blot测定结果表明,制备的Cry2Ab兔源抗血清能特异性识别Cry2Aa及Cry2Ab抗原蛋白,不能识别Cry1Ab及Cry3Aa抗原蛋白。研究结果对深入研究Cry2A毒素蛋白作用机理及毒素与受体间互作关系提供了技术支持。     

基于相态图像在线检测的RCP轴封内流场试验研究

为了研究反应堆冷却剂主泵动压轴封异常工作状态、验证第三级副密封所处工况条件,开展了轴系温度分布仿真分析.采用微型内窥装置在线获取三级低压泄漏流相态图像,对所得图像进行数值化处理;采用Sobel边沿检测算法求取图像边沿化后的均方差,实现了基于内窥图像的主泵轴封低压泄漏流相态的在线监测.通过提高密封第三级泄漏背压,改善浮动...     

基于相似理论的有害气体泄漏扩散规律的研究

基于相似理论,在试验室建立系统模型,利用示踪技术进行模型试验,在获取试验数据的基础上,对有害气体泄漏扩散过程作了定性和定量分析。定性分析结果表明,该扩散过程存在两个相似准则π1=cx3/Q和π2=v·x/t,对应的准则方程为c=Q/x3·f(v·x/t);以定量分析法对有害气体泄漏扩散方程进行了推导,得出其数学表达式为c=23.1·Q·(t0.4/v0.6·x2.4)。认为研究结果对泄漏事故扩散趋势可以做出准确的预测,有助于建立有针对性的应急救援预案,实施有效的现场控制。