Utilisation of raw jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) and jackbean fractions in diets for broiler chicks

1. An experiment was conducted to examine the effectiveness of some extraction procedures at eliminating the antinutritional properties of jackbean to the broiler chicken. The most pronounced effects were observed in the base‐ and acid‐soluble protein fractions (BSP and ASP) which contained the bulk of the antinutritional factors.

2. The growth of chickens on all diets were significantly (P<0.05) reduced.

3. Examining the weights of broiler organs as a proportion of body weight showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the weight of the liver and an increase in the weights of the kidney, brain and pancreas.

4. Serum urea concentrations were elevated (P<0.05) in all groups receiving base‐soluble protein (BSP), acid‐soluble protein (ASP), defatted jackbean (DJB) and raw jackbean (RJB) diets. Enzyme activities were similarly elevated (P<0.01), but serum protein and albumin concentrations were depressed while uric acid was not influenced by dietary treatment.

5. Histopathological examination revealed several pathological lesions in organs of chicks fed on the BSP, ASP, DJB and RJB diets. The presence of lesions was less marked in the organs of chickens fed on diets containing base‐insoluble residue (BIR), acid‐insoluble residue (AIR) and ethanol‐extracted meal (EEM), while those given the aqueous heated jackbean diet did not show any pathological effects.     

Associations between body weight and rectal temperature in turkey poults

1. Associations between body weight and rectal temperature were observed in female turkeys.

2. Turkeys with lower weights between 13 and 30 d of age tended to have higher temperatures.

3. Turkeys with lower weights at 7 d exhibited depressed body temperatures.

4. Higher or lower body temperatures may be associated with poorer performance depending on the time of appearance.     

Comparison of the rates of proliferation of adipocyte precursor cells derived from two lines of chicken which differ in their rates of adipose tissue development

1. Putative adipocyte precursor cells were isolated from the white adipose tissue of young broiler and layer chickens and cultured in vitro.

2. The cells from both sources were shown to have the characteristics of adipocyte precursor cells. On reaching confluence, lipoprotein lipase activity was induced and the cells from both strains accumulated large amounts of lipid in the presence of chicken serum.

3. Measurement of cell number over time in culture and calculation of cell doubling times showed that cells from broilers proliferated at a faster rate than those derived from layer‐strain chickens. This was the case whether primary or secondary cell cultures were used. Primary cultures of broiler cells had a doubling time of 22 h versus 39 h for layer cells.

4. The contribution of such a difference in proliferative rate to the differential rate of adipose tissue growth between broiler and layer strains observed in vivo is discussed.     

Comparison of alternative methods of handling contemporary group effects in animal model prediction

SUMMARY: Methods to associate animals between periods (grouping of records within a calving season into a 60-day interval starting from the date of the first calf born for 400-day weight analysis) within the contemporary group classification on sexmanagement group-date of weighing, using an animal model were compared. The data were derived from ten Angus herds. Assigning animals to more than one period and/or treating period as random or introducing days from start of calving period as a co-variate (linear and quadratic) did little to improve herd mean square error compared to the basic model where there were no associations between periods. The reduction in the standard errors of predictions were significant (p < 0.05) only when period within sex-management group-date of weighing was treated as random. However, the use of a similarity matrix S (which associates periods within the fixed contemporary group classification) in the mixed model equations reduced mean square error by as much as 7%. Using simulated observations for the ten herds, highest correlations between true breeding values and estimated breeding values were obtained only for the model using the similarity matrix. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Vergleich alternativer Methoden der Behandlung von Wirkungen kontempor?rer Gruppen bei Tiermodellvoraussagen Methoden zur Verbindung zwischen Tieren verschiedener Perioden (Leistungsabschlüsse in 60-Tage-Intervallen einer Abkalbesaison für 400 Tagegewichte ab dem ersten geborenen Kalb) innerhalb kontempor?rer Gruppenklassifikation und Geschlechts-Managementgruppen bei Tiermodellen wurden verglichen. Die Daten stammten von 10 Angusherden. Zuordnung von Tieren an mehr als eine Periode als zuf?llig oder Einbeziehung von Tagen von Beginn der Abkalbeperiode als Kovariable (linear und quadratisch) half wenig zur Verbesserung des Herdenfehlermittelquadrates im Vergleich zu dem Grundmodell, wo keine Verbindungen zwischen Perioden unterstellt wurden. Die Verminderung des Standardfehlers der Voraussage war signifikant (p < als 0,05) nur wenn Perioden innerhalb Geschlechts-Managementgruppen als zuf?llig betrachtet worden sind. Allerdings hat die Verwendung der ?hnlichkeitsmatrix S (welche Perioden innerhalb einer fixen kontempor?ren Gruppenklassifikation assoziiert) in der gemischten Modellgleichungen den Mittelquadratfehler um bis zu 7% reduziert. Unter Verwendung simulierter Beobachtungen für 10 Herden haben sich die h?chsten Korrelationen zwischen wahren Zuchtwerten und gesch?tzten nur bei dem Modell ergeben, das die ?hnlichkeitsmatrix verwendet hat.     

Breed differences and intra-breed genetic variability of dermatoglyphic pattern of cattle

SUMMARY: Muzzle dermatoglyphics - n. ridges, granula and vibrissae - were analysed in various breeds. Differences among these in most traits were significant. Herd effects accounted for about 1/10 of the variance and heritability, estimated by combining sib, halfsib and dam-daughter correlations corrected for herd differences was above 50% for ridges and vibrissae and about 30% for granula. Genetic correlations between ridge counts and n. vibrissae in different nose fields, respectively, were high as they were between the former and n. granula but they were negative or very low between vibrissae and the other two traits. Asymmetry among the counts in the two muzzle sides was significant for nearly all traits, Heritabilities were low, around 10 to 20%, and the crossbreds had less asymmetry than their parental breeds. The correlations among asymmetry measures were low. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Rassenunterschiede und genetische Variabilit?t von Flotzmaulmustern Flotzmaulmerkmale - Zahl von Leisten, Warzen und Haaren - wurden in verschiedenen Rassen untersucht. Unterschiede zwischen diesen waren für alle Merkmale signifikant. Herdeneinflüsse verursachten etwa 1/10 der Varianz und Heritabilit?tswerte, gesch?tzt aus Korrelationen zwischen Zwillingen, Halbgeschwistern und T?chter-Müttern, korrigien für Herdeneinflüsse, variierten zwischen 36 und mehr als 50%. Genetische Korrelationen zwischen Leistenzahl und Zahl von Haaren in verschiedenen Flotzmaulfeldern waren hoch, ebenso wie die zwischen ersteren und Zahl von Warzen, aber sie waren negativ oder sehr gering zwischen Haaren und den andern beiden Merkmalen. Asymmetrie zwischen Zahlen in beiden Flotzmaulh?lften war signifikant für fast alle Merkmale. Heritabilit?tswerte waren niedrig, etwa 10-20% und Kreuzungstiere zeigten weniger Asymmetrie als ihre Herkunftsrassen. Die Korrelationen zwischen Asymmetriema?en waren niedrig.