基于无人机和卫星遥感影像的制种玉米田识别纹理特征尺度优选

制种玉米田在高空间分辨率遥感影像上呈现的明显条带状纹理,是有效区分光谱值相近的大田玉米和制种玉米的重要信息.该文在新疆维吾尔自治区奇台县玉米种植区以高空间分辨率的无人机遥感影像为数据源,针对制种玉米识别的纹理特征计算尺度问题,首先采用最近邻内插法对制种玉米和大田玉米样本田块的无人机影像进行重采样,得到不同分辨率的样本;然后用融合Uniform-LBP(local binary pattern)和GLCM(gray level co-occurrence matrix)方法得到提取玉米田块纹理特征合理GLCM参数,其中方向参数为0°、45°、90°和135°这4个方向上的纹理特征值的平均值、距离为5~7像元、灰度级为8;通过多尺度对比分析,得到最适宜区分制种玉米与大田玉米的纹理辨率为0.6~0.9m.最后采用奇台县的0.7m分辨率的Kompsat-3遥感影像进行验证,在多时相EVI(enhanced vegetation index)光谱信息识别玉米的基础上,利用本文确定的纹理分析方法,通过决策树建立规则识别制种玉米,识别精度达90.9%.通过该文的研究,可为高空间分辨率遥感制种玉米田监管提供支撑.     

化肥和饲料添加剂生产磷流动特征研究

磷是作物和畜禽生长必需的营养元素,同时也是不可再生资源。为了提高农牧业生产力,80%左右的磷矿石用于生产磷肥与磷饲料添加剂,因此提高磷肥和磷饲料添加剂生产效率至关重要。然而关于磷肥和磷饲料添加剂"采矿—选矿—磷酸—磷肥/磷饲料添加剂"整个链条的磷流动特征和各个环节效率的定量研究却很少。本研究通过企业实地调研,建立企业流动数据库,利用物质流分析的方法扩展了NUFER(NUtrient flows in Food chains,Environment and Resources use)模型的磷肥和饲料磷添加剂生产模块。以我国某大型磷化工企业为例,定量揭示磷化工企业"采矿—选矿—磷酸—磷肥/磷饲料添加剂"整个链条磷流动特征、损失和利用效率;分析各种磷肥和饲料添加剂产品生产磷流动、利用效率和磷足迹;并利用情景分析提出提高磷利用效率的策略和优化潜力。结果表明:2015年该企业利用含3.902?106 t P2O5的自然矿石,生产了2.426?106 t(折纯P2O5,下同)磷复肥和磷饲料添加剂,其中磷酸二铵和磷酸一铵是最主要的产品,分别为156万t和54万t。磷酸二铵、磷酸一铵、重过磷酸钙、磷酸一二钙、普通过磷酸钙、复合肥、硫肥和磷酸二氢钾产品的生产效率分别为98%、98%、93%、95%、91%、99%、98%和91%,整个生产链条的生产效率为80%。大多数的磷资源在矿石加工部门损失掉,占磷损失量的51%;其次是矿石开采部门(25%)和磷酸生产部门(14%)。通过提高生产效率和废弃物利用率,磷资源损失预计可以减少42%。研究企业的磷利用效率在国内已达先进水平,但仍有提升潜力。     

3MQ-600型导流式气流辅助喷杆弥雾机研制与试验

为减少药液的飘失和雾滴的穿透力,提高药液利用率,设计了3MQ-600型导流式气流辅助喷杆弥雾机,利用拖拉机液压和动力输出带动液压马达、轴流风机、隔膜泵等部件工作。在风筒内部加装的新型栅格状导流器,优化了风筒内的流场结构,减小了因涡流而导致的能量损耗。试验结果证明,与无风幕喷雾相比,沿喷杆方向的雾滴个数平均值提高了29.5%,变异系数降低了78.5%;飘失量减少45%以上;在雾滴对作物冠层穿透性方面,雾滴在作物中下层沉积量50.8%。该机具有较高的减飘性能和雾滴沉积性能,农药利用率更好。     

HJ-1卫星延寿期的CCD影像质量评价与可用性分析

HJ-1卫星发射升空投入运行以来,已在灾害与环境的快速监测与预报领域发挥了重要作用。HJ-1卫星目前已经成功运行3a多,属于超期服役状态。为了评价延寿期影像质量,该文从影像的几何校正精度、灰度特征和纹理特征3个方面对延寿期HJ-1A-CCD影像进行分析,并与正常寿命运行期的HJ-1ACCD影像、同时期的Landsat7 ETM+影像进行比较,分析结果表明:延寿期HJ-1A-CCD影像质量虽然有一定程度的下降,但其与正常寿命期影像质量接近,仍能较好地描述丰富的地物类型及地物细节信息,可以像正常寿命期影像一样,有效地用于环境监测、灾害监测、国土资源管理、城市规划、农业应用等方面。     

Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

基于遥感的泾河流域日蒸散量估算

蒸散发是陆地水分和能量循环过程中的重要环节。利用遥感数据与传统蒸散发模型相结合的方法,对泾河流域2006年3—10月日实际蒸散量进行动态模拟,并利用LAS站实测数据对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明:1)基于遥感的P-T方法估算地表实际蒸散发可获得较好的效果。2)泾河流域蒸散发空间上,总体趋势为"南高北低;东西两侧山区高,中部平原低";林地蒸散量最高,其次为农田,最低的是草地。3)时间上,泾河流域蒸散发呈单峰型分布,7月、8月份的蒸散发量最高。4)月均气温、月降雨量和月均植被指数与月均蒸散发量的相关系数分别在0.8,0.5,0.7左右,表明温度、降水和植被是影响泾河流域蒸散发的关键因素。     

缺钾对水稻不同品种光合和能量耗散的影响

试验测定了钾敏感型(二九丰)和钾钝感型(原丰早)两个水稻品种在缺钾处理41.d后其剑叶的生长、光合光响应曲线、叶绿素荧光参数光响应曲线和暗弛豫动力学曲线。结果表明,缺钾降低了水稻剑叶的光合作用,显著抑制了生长。但是缺钾条件下导致两个水稻品种净光合速率(Pn)下降的主导因子并不相同。在缺钾条件下,原丰早(YFZ)剑叶的Pn随气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的下降而下降,但叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量几乎没有变化,说明其Pn下降主要归于气孔的限制。缺钾处理41.d后,二九丰(EJF)在低光强下[500mol/(m2.s)],Pn随Gs和Ci下降,但在更强的光强下,Pn和Gs继续下降,而Ci开始上升,并在1200mol/(m2.s)处超越了对照,说明此时主导因子不单受气孔限制,还受非气孔因子限制;它的光饱和点从1200mol/(m2.s)下降到大约500mol/(m2.s);同时,其荧光参数Fv/Fm、ФPSII、qP和ETR随光强上升而迅速下降,而L(PFD)、E和PP迅速增加,NPQ在1200mol/(m2.s)光强下上升,但是在高光强下却迅速降低,甚至低于对照,而且Fm、Fv/Fm下降,Fo上升,均说明缺钾处理可能使光合机构受到了伤害,发生了光抑制。对非光化学猝灭的分析得到其中间组分qNm可能起了更大的能量耗散作用,部分激发能从PSⅡ转移到PSⅠ,降低了PSⅡ耗散能量的压力。以上结果表明,两品种对钾敏感性不同极可能也与缺钾条件下光保护能力的差异有关。     

Degradability of atrazine, cyanazine, and dicamba in methanogenic enrichment culture microcosms using sediment from the Pearl River of Southern China

Degradation of three herbicides, atrazine, cyanazine and dicamba, was assessed in laboratory microcosms incubated under simulated methanogenic conditions using sediment from Pearl River of Southern China as an inoculum. Atrazine was much more resistant to degradation than cyanazine and dicamba over 300 days of incubation. Biodegradation of cyanazine and dicamba was further substantiated by establishment of enrichment transfer cultures in which the degradation of the respective herbicide was accelerated by the active microorganisms. Degradation of cyanazine initially involved the removal of chlorine and the two side chains, while that of dicamba was O-demethylation reaction forming 3,6-dichlorosalicyclic acid. Results suggest that biodegradation of xenobiotics can be established through enrichment culture transfer technique, and further mechanism of degradation and microorganisms involved can be elucidated.     

Evolution of toxicity upon hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FE), a widely used herbicide, was studied in aqueous buffer solutions at pH ranging from 4.0 to 10.0. The degradation kinetics, strongly dependent on pH values, followed first-order kinetics. FE was relatively stable in neutral media, whereas it degraded rapidly with decreasing or increasing pH. In acidic conditions (pH = 4, 5), the benzoxazolyl-oxy-phenyl ether linkage of FE was cleaved to form ethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate (EHPP) and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one (CDHB). While in basic conditions (pH = 8, 9, 10), herbicidal activity fenoxaprop-p (FA) was formed via breakdown of the ester bond of the herbicide. Both the two pathways were concurrent in neutral conditions (pH = 6, 7). Toxicity studies on Daphnia magna showed that FE was most toxic to D. magna with 48 h EC(50) of 14.3 micromol/L, followed by FA (43.8 micromol/L), CDHB (49.8 micromol/L), and EHPP (333.1 micromol/L). Mode of toxic action analysis indicated that EHPP exhibited toxicity via polar narcosis, whereas CDHB belonged to reactive acing compound. The mixture toxicity of CDHB and EHPP was nonadditive and can be predicted by a response addition model. Therefore, the evaluation of overall FE toxicity to D. magna in the aquatic systems needs to consider the degradation of FE.     

无线传感器网络在农业中的应用

无线传感器网络集传感器技术、微机电系统(MEMS)技术、无线通信技术、嵌入式计算技术和分布式信息处理技术于一体,是多学科高度交叉的、知识高度集中的热点研究领域,因其广阔的应用前景而备受关注.该文综述了无线传感器网络的节点构成、体系结构、研究热点,以及在农业中的应用研究现状,针对性地提出在温室、节水灌溉、畜牧等农业领域应用无线传感器网络的方案与思路,为无线传感器网络在农业中的应用拓宽思路,争取早日将无线传感器网络投入到农业应用领域.