山葵黑入病及其防治

对山葵黑入病的症状、病原、侵染循环、发病条件及防治方法等进行了概述.     

草酸和腐殖酸对蔬菜保护地土壤磷素活化效果研究

以种植年限为25年的蔬菜保护地黑土为供试土壤,通过室内培养方式,研究不同浓度的草酸和腐殖酸对蔬菜保护地土壤磷素的活化效果。结果表明,草酸、腐殖酸在活化以Ca-P为主的石灰性黑土中,10 g/500 g土浓度的草酸处理活化效果最佳。草酸可以同时活化土壤中的Ca2-P、Ca8-P,及有效性较低的Ca10-P、Al-P和Fe-P。供试土壤在不同浓度草酸、腐殖酸作用下,各形态无机磷均有不同程度增加,其增加幅度为Al-P>Ca8-P>Fe-P>Ca2-P>Ca10-P>O-P。总体上活化能力为草酸>腐殖酸,并且随着浓度的增加效果更加明显。     

施用草甘膦对转基因抗除草剂大豆田杂草防除、大豆安全性及杂草发生的影响

【目的】转GAT 和EPSPS 双价基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’是我国具有自主知识产权的抗除草剂材料,喷施草甘膦后,评价草甘膦对杂草防除、大豆安全和杂草发生的影响,为其将来商业化种植后的安全监测与杂草治理提供数据支持。【方法】除草效果：每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m ²样点并标记,施药后28 d调查禾本科和阔叶杂草株数,并剪取地上部分称取鲜重, 计算株防效和鲜重防效。对大豆安全性：每小区以对角线5点取样法,每点随机取4株大豆并标记,在喷药当天、药后7、14、21及28 d调查大豆株高和复叶数,观察药害,收获前每小区取50株大豆调查结荚数及产量。杂草发生情况：每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m ²样点并标记（避开除草效果取样点）,调查并记录每种杂草种类、株数,计算每种杂草相对多度。【结果】转基因大豆喷施900、1 800和3 600 g a.i./hm ²草甘膦对禾本科杂草株防效2016年分别为84.30%、95.22%和83.62%,阔叶杂草株防效分别为49.80%、64.52%和61.93%,禾本科和阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别在95.36%和82.05%以上,2017年对禾本科和阔叶草株防效分别达94.93%和85.09%以上,对禾本科和阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别达98.00%和96.57%以上。转基因大豆喷施草甘膦对大豆生长没有不良影响,产量高于人工除草处理。两年研究结果表明转基因抗除草剂大豆喷施草甘膦后杂草群落发生改变,转基因抗除草剂大豆田不除草处理小区主要优势阔叶杂草为反枝苋（Amaranthus retroflexus）、打碗花（Calystegia hederacea）、马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）,禾本科杂草为狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、马唐（Digitaria sanguinalis）和牛筋草（Eleusine indica）,共6种,喷施草甘膦900—3 600 g a.i./hm ²后转基因大豆田5种主要优势杂草为打碗花、夏至草（Lagopsis supina）、马齿苋、牛筋草和狗尾草。【结论】转基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’喷施草甘膦900—3 600 g a.i./hm ²对杂草有很好的防除效果, 对大豆安全。因此,转基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’将在我国有很好的商业化应用前景,喷施草甘膦影响杂草种群的发生,如今后商业化种植需长期密切监测种群变化。     

罗非鱼微卫星DNA指纹图谱的构建

采用微卫星DNA指纹图谱技术对奥利亚罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼和橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼进行品种鉴定和遗传多样性分析。从103对罗非鱼微卫星引物中筛选出82对多态性高、带型清晰稳定的引物,用这 82对引物检测3种罗非鱼的遗传结构,共检测到605个等位基因,平均等位基因数7.37个,数据经Popgen32计算和EXCEL工具作图,构建3种罗非鱼的DNA指纹数据库,并绘制了DNA指纹图谱模式图。结果显示,奥利亚罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼和橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼的平均观测杂合度分别为0.179 6、0.530 1和0.312 2,平均期望杂合度分别为0.203 2、0.678 6和0.291 3,平均多态信息含量分别为0.075 4、0.608 3和0.152 8,由此可见,尼罗罗非鱼群体的遗传多样性水平最高,奥利亚罗非鱼群体遗传多样性最低。同时筛选得到16对具特异性条带的核心引物组合可将3种罗非鱼完全区分,每个位点可在其中一种罗非鱼中扩增出独有的条带,从而将这种罗非鱼与其它两种区分开来,将16对特异引物的图谱数据转化成计算机可以识别的数码指纹,可以方便地应用于罗非鱼及其杂交种的鉴定研究。为解决罗非鱼品种混杂遗传渐渗问题和保护罗非鱼种质资源提供技术支撑。     

过氧化氢对小鼠骨髓微核率和孕鼠胚胎着床及生长的影响

通过体内试验研究了过氧化氢对小鼠骨髓微核率和胚胎着床及孕鼠生长发育的影响。将妊娠的昆明种(KM)小鼠分成5个处理组,分别为环磷酰胺(40.00 mg/kg)、蒸馏水和过氧化氢(500.00,125.00,31.25 mg/kg)组。于妊娠后6~15 d,每天采用灌胃给药,环磷酰胺组于妊娠后11~13 d腹腔一次性注射。每3 d称重1次,于妊娠第18 d称重后剖腹检查。另取雌雄各半KM小鼠分成5个处理组,分别为环磷酰胺、蒸馏水和过氧化氢(500.00,100.00,10.00 mg/kg)组,均采用灌胃染毒,每天1次,连续4 d,第5 d处死小鼠,取股骨髓液常规制片,计算红细胞微核率。结果表明,吸收胎和死胎数蒸馏水组为5.56%,中剂量过氧化氢组增加到19.53%(P<0.01),低剂量组增加到13.14%(P<0.05)。蒸馏水组小鼠嗜多染红细胞微核率为0%~0.002%,过氧化氢组增加到0.017%~0.032%(P<0.01)。在本试验剂量范围内过氧化氢有明显的胚胎毒性和遗传毒性。     

嘉陵江瓦氏黄颡鱼卵巢组织学的周年变化

采用形态学和连续组织切片技术对瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)卵巢的组织形态学进行了研究。结果显示:瓦氏黄颡鱼卵巢发育分为6个时期,卵母细胞发育分为6个时相。从10月至次年的2月份,卵巢处于第Ⅱ期;3—4月份卵巢处于第Ⅲ期;4—5月初卵巢处于第Ⅳ卵期;5—7月卵巢处于第Ⅴ期;8—9月卵巢处于第Ⅵ期。在第2时相的卵母细胞中出现卵黄核和滤泡细胞;第3时相的卵母细胞出现液泡,数目和层数随着卵巢的发育逐渐增加;第4时相的卵母细胞充满卵黄颗粒,并出现了受精孔和精孔细胞。瓦氏黄颡鱼是一次产卵类型。     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of TLR4 locus in Chinese Cantonese population

AIM: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was an important pathogen recognition receptor in the innate immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of TLR4 polymorphisms in the general population of China. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 191 unrelated healthy Chinese Cantonese individuals. The functional regions of TLR4 locus, including promoter region and all three exons with their surrounding intronic regions were amplified using polymerase chain reaction. After purified, the amplified products were directly sequenced on both strands. RESULTS: A total of eight single nucleotides polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, five of which were novel. The most common SNP were -1607 C/T with the minor allele frequency of 0.283. Two nonsynonymous substitutions Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, which were common in Caucasus, were not detected in Cantonese. Neutrality test revealed that TLR4 in Chinese Cantonese was not significantly deviated from the neutral model. CONCLUSION: This is the new finding on the distribution of TLR4 SNPs in the general population of China. It provides several ethnic specific SNPs for further disease association studies of TLR4 polymorphisms in Chinese populations.     

植物病害生物防治与微生态学

在概述植物病害生物防治生态学意义的基础上,从植物微生态学的角度阐述了植物根围菌及内生菌作为生防菌的依据和意义。特别是内生菌是植物体内的正常菌群,对植物病害生物防治具有重要的生态学实践意义。     

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells activated by graded zirconia-hydroxyapatite composite in vitro

AIM: To evaluate the immunogenicity of a novel orthopedics materials (graded zirconia-hydroxyapatite composite) in vitro by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy young people, and simple zirconia-hydroxyapatite composited material was used as control materials. METHODS: Proliferation of PBMCs cultured in different liquid after 5 days was measured by MTT methods. ELISA was used to detect TNF-α and IL-6 concentration in the supernatant of PBMCs cultured in the extracts after 24 hours. Flow cytometery was used to measure CD69 and CD25 in activated PBMCs cultured in the extracts of the two kinds of materials after 24 hours. RESULTS: The proliferation rate of the simple composite group was significantly lower than that in negative group (P<0.05), but there was no difference between the graded composited group and negative group. After 24 hours culture with LPS, the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in the simple composited group were significantly higher than that in graded composited group, respectively (P<0.05). Cultured with PHA for 24 hours, the ratio of CD69 and CD25 positive PBMCs in the simple composited group was all significantly higher than that in graded composited material group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The number of PBMCs activated by the graded composited material is less than the simple composited material and the immunogenicity of the graded composited material is lower than the simple composited material.     

转EGFP基因山羊克隆胚的发育

利用脂质体包裹含EGFP基因的质粒,并将之导入山羊乳腺上皮细胞,经G418筛选获得阳性细胞,以阳性细胞作为核供体,利用核移植技术构建转基因克隆胚。结果表明：用转基因山羊乳腺上皮细胞作为核供体,电融合法更适合构建转基因克隆胚。转基因山羊克隆胚体外培养最佳方案是用SOFaa培养液,在培养72 h后加入10%的正常山羊血清（Normal goat serum,NGS）。荧光显微镜下观察到转基因克隆胚中EGFP的表达,大部分克隆胚发育到8-16细胞以后的时期,绿色荧光蛋白才开始逐渐表达,随着发育时间的延长,绿色荧光蛋白的表达也逐渐增强。说明外源基因在胚胎早期发育阶段可以表达,EGFP可以作为报告基因来实现对外源基因整合及表达的监测。