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排序方式: 共有909条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
Leroy EM Rouquet P Formenty P Souquière S Kilbourne A Froment JM Bermejo M Smit S Karesh W Swanepoel R Zaki SR Rollin PE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5656):387-390
Several human and animal Ebola outbreaks have occurred over the past 4 years in Gabon and the Republic of Congo. The human outbreaks consisted of multiple simultaneous epidemics caused by different viral strains, and each epidemic resulted from the handling of a distinct gorilla, chimpanzee, or duiker carcass. These animal populations declined markedly during human Ebola outbreaks, apparently as a result of Ebola infection. Recovered carcasses were infected by a variety of Ebola strains, suggesting that Ebola outbreaks in great apes result from multiple virus introductions from the natural host. Surveillance of animal mortality may help to predict and prevent human Ebola outbreaks. 相似文献
72.
A physical map of the 1-gigabase bread wheat chromosome 3B 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Paux E Sourdille P Salse J Saintenac C Choulet F Leroy P Korol A Michalak M Kianian S Spielmeyer W Lagudah E Somers D Kilian A Alaux M Vautrin S Bergès H Eversole K Appels R Safar J Simkova H Dolezel J Bernard M Feuillet C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5898):101-104
As the staple food for 35% of the world's population, wheat is one of the most important crop species. To date, sequence-based tools to accelerate wheat improvement are lacking. As part of the international effort to sequence the 17-billion-base-pair hexaploid bread wheat genome (2n = 6x = 42 chromosomes), we constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based integrated physical map of the largest chromosome, 3B, that alone is 995 megabases. A chromosome-specific BAC library was used to assemble 82% of the chromosome into 1036 contigs that were anchored with 1443 molecular markers, providing a major resource for genetic and genomic studies. This physical map establishes a template for the remaining wheat chromosomes and demonstrates the feasibility of constructing physical maps in large, complex, polyploid genomes with a chromosome-based approach. 相似文献
73.
Alsos IG Eidesen PB Ehrich D Skrede I Westergaard K Jacobsen GH Landvik JY Taberlet P Brochmann C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5831):1606-1609
The ability of species to track their ecological niche after climate change is a major source of uncertainty in predicting their future distribution. By analyzing DNA fingerprinting (amplified fragment-length polymorphism) of nine plant species, we show that long-distance colonization of a remote arctic archipelago, Svalbard, has occurred repeatedly and from several source regions. Propagules are likely carried by wind and drifting sea ice. The genetic effect of restricted colonization was strongly correlated with the temperature requirements of the species, indicating that establishment limits distribution more than dispersal. Thus, it may be appropriate to assume unlimited dispersal when predicting long-term range shifts in the Arctic. 相似文献
74.
Availability and fragmentation of habitat are today identified as key determinants of population maintenance. Disentangling their relative effects is of crucial importance to adequately manage landscapes. However, the classical use of occurrence or abundance data as proxy to assess the responses of populations could be insufficient to detect less drastic impacts than short-term population extinction. We evaluated the effects of both habitat availability and fragmentation at three spatial scales on both the occurrence and two “physiological state” indicators (body condition and level of stress hormone) reflecting the physical state of common toads (Bufo bufo). Our study showed that occurrence was negatively affected only by habitat availability at the largest spatial scale whereas the both physiological state indicators studied at the population scale are significantly altered by both habitat availability and fragmentation at the finest spatial scale. Results obtained with occurrence and physiological state approaches substantially diverge, which highlights the need to also investigate proximal processes to deeply understand how populations are threatened by landscape modifications. The use of physiological state indicators, particularly of body condition, powerful and easy to obtain, could be particularly relevant to detect early warnings of population decline allowing a management before extinction. Only a complete investigation of the potential impacts of landscape on the different population processes could offer a realistic picture of the requirements of populations to avoid drastic alterations. 相似文献
75.
Apolline Auclerc Johanne Nahmani Pierre Huguier Yvan Capowiez Delphine Aran François Guérold 《Pedobiologia》2011
Two laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the potential effects of lime application on the behavior of earthworms inoculated in an acidified forest soil from Vosges Mountains. Several field soils were studied: (i) a non-limed soil that had received decades of atmospheric acid depositions , (ii) an in situ limed soil that had been limed 6 years before at 2.5 t ha?1 and (iii) in vitro limed soils composed of non-limed soil mixed with several lime amounts in the laboratory corresponding to field rates of 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 t ha?1. Firstly, we adapted the earthworm avoidance test (ISO, 2006) by using Eisenia fetida as the model organism and Lumbricus castaneus, a local species, to determine earthworm preference between non-limed and limed soils. Secondly, a cast production (CP) study was performed according to Capowiez et al. (2009) with Lumbricus terrestris, in seven different treatments (non-limed soil, in situ limed and five in vitro limed soils with pH from 5 to 6.3). Both species avoided the non-limed soil in favour of in situ and in vitro limed soils for both species. Results of the CP bioassay showed that the bioturbation behavior of L. terrestris significantly increased with the increase of soil pH, following a dose–response curve. However, in the long term (>6 years), the application of lime was insufficient to significantly improve soil conditions for enhancing earthworm activity. In conclusion, we may recommend this kind of earthworm laboratory tests with field soils to assess any changes in soil quality over time due to liming application. 相似文献
76.
77.
Marie-France Corio-Costet Marie-Cécile Dufour Jérémy Cigna Pierre Abadie Wei-Jen Chen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,129(2):315-329
The effectiveness of Quinone outside Inhibitor (QoI) fungicides against grape downy mildew in European vineyards has significantly
decreased in the last decade. One nucleotide polymorphism, G143A in the cytochrome b gene of Plasmopara viticola, is involved in resistance to QoIs. Previous genetic examination on the mitochondrial genomes showed four major haplotypes
(IR, IS, IIR, IIS) coexisting in European vineyards. A resistant allele (G143A) was present in IR and IIR haplotypes. The
purpose of the present study was to estimate the diversity of the different mitochondrial haplotypes and their distribution
in QoI-resistant populations before evaluating the potential cost of the resistant mutation G143A in P. viticola population. From 2000 to 2004, the frequencies of resistant isolates ranged from 0% to 23.25% with an average of 4.64 % among
the populations examined. To evaluate the fitness of sensitive and resistant isolates, a comparison of different biological
parameters including latent period, spore production and infection frequency was performed, enabling a fitness index (FI) to be determined. Resistant isolates exhibited greater infection frequency than sensitive isolates, whereas no significant
difference was found in sporulation ability and latent period between sensitive and resistant isolates. To further investigate
competitiveness among isolates, an assay including two resistant isolates in different proportion with a sensitive isolate
was conducted on eight asexual growing cycles in the absence of a QoI fungicide. The competitiveness of resistant isolates
varied according to their fitness parameters, suggesting that there is no noticeable cost of QoI resistance in controlled
conditions in Plasmopara viticola. 相似文献
78.
Deriving river networks and catchments at the European scale from medium resolution digital elevation data 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Roberto Colombo Jürgen V. Vogt Pierre Soille Maria L. Paracchini Alfred de Jager 《CATENA》2007,70(3):296-305
The extraction of drainage networks and catchment boundaries from digital elevation models (DEMs) has received considerable attention in recent years and is recognized as a viable alternative to traditional surveys and the manual evaluation of topographic maps. However, most studies have covered limited areas due to the lack of detailed information and/or the lack of highly efficient algorithms. In this paper we present an application that delineates river networks and catchment boundaries across the European continent from a medium resolution (250 m) DEM. We exploit novel algorithms based on the concepts of mathematical morphology and implement a landscape stratification for drainage density.A flow direction grid is computed using an efficient algorithm for the removal of spurious pits. River networks are then derived by imposing a variable threshold for the minimum contributing area needed to form and maintain a channel. This is achieved through a landscape stratification that reflects the ability of the terrain to develop different drainage densities. It is shown that the analysis of environmental characteristics coupled with the analysis of local slope versus contributing area enables river network mapping with a spatially varying drainage density. The result has been validated by comparing the derived data to digital river and catchment data from other sources and with varying scales of observation. 相似文献
79.
Several insect groups have adapted to fire cycles in boreal forests, and can efficiently use new habitats created by fire. Our study aimed at producing a first characterization of post-fire Coleoptera assemblages of black spruce forests of eastern North America. For two years, we sampled Coleoptera using flight-interception traps in burned stands of contrasting age and structure in a 5097-ha wildfire and in neighbouring unburned mature stands. More than 40 species were exclusively captured in burned stands. Time elapsed since fire and proximity of unburned forests were the most significant parameters affecting Coleoptera assemblages. Stand age and structure had limited effects on assemblage structure; the Scolytid Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby was the only common species to clearly favor older stands. Fire-associated Coleoptera assemblages found in our study area were clearly distinct from those found in similar unburned stands; we should thus be conservative in our management approach concerning recently burned stands. 相似文献
80.
Lestienne I Caporiccio B Besançon P Rochette I Trèche S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(21):8342-8348
In vitro digestions were performed on pearl millet flours with decreased phytate contents and on two dephytinized or nondephytinized pearl millet grain fractions, a decorticated fraction, and a bran fraction with low and high fiber and tannin contents, respectively. Insoluble residues of these digestions were then incubated with buffer or enzymatic solutions (xylanases and/or phytases), and the quantities of indigestible iron and zinc released by these different treatments were determined. In decorticated pearl millet grain, iron was chelated by phytates and by insoluble fibers, whereas zinc was almost exclusively chelated by phytates. In the bran of pearl millet grain, a high proportion of iron was chelated by iron-binding phenolic compounds, while the rest of iron as well as the majority of zinc were chelated in complexes between phytates and fibers. The low effect of phytase action on iron and zinc solubility of bran of pearl millet grain shows that, in the case of high fiber and tannin contents, the chelating effect of these compounds was higher than that of phytates. 相似文献