不同种植间距对香根草植物边坡优先流发育特征的影响

[目的]分析优先流在香根草边坡中的发育特征,研究植物根系与优先流之间的关系,为进一步研究降雨条件下植物根系对边坡土体稳定性的影响提供理论依据。[方法]以种植间距为50 cm和10 cm的香根草为研究对象,模拟30 mm和50 mm两种不同的降雨量,采用示踪剂试验研究了香根草边坡土壤的优先流发育特征。[结果]香根草种植间距从50 cm减少到10 cm会增大边坡的水力响应。在50 mm的降雨量作用下,10 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤的染色面积比率和优先流比分别是50 cm的1.55,1.76倍。表层土0—10 cm土层深度范围内染色路径数量变化不明显,在10—35 cm深度土层范围,10 cm种植间距的染色路径数量多于50 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤。当降雨量由30 mm增加至50 mm时,水流会通过优势通道更迅速迁移到边坡土壤中。降雨量为30 mm土壤的染色面积比率(36.11%)和优先流比(67.25%)小于50 mm土壤的染色面积比率(49.68%)和优先流比(79.96%),并且染色路径数量随着降雨量的增加而增多。[结论]香根草根系特征与优先流关系密切。选择植物护坡时,应合理选...     

基于卷积神经网络与迁移学习的油茶病害图像识别

传统的植物病害图像识别准确率严重依赖于耗时费力的人工特征设计。该文利用深度卷积神经网络强大的特征学习和特征表达能力来自动学习油茶病害特征,并借助迁移学习方法将Alex Net模型在Image Net图像数据集上学习得到的知识迁移到油茶病害识别任务。对油茶叶片图像进行阈值分割、旋转对齐、尺度缩放等预处理后,按照病害特征由人工分为藻斑病、软腐病、煤污病、黄化病和健康叶5个类别。每个类别各选取750幅图像组成样本集,从样本集中随机选择80%的样本用作训练集,剩余20%用作测试集。利用随机裁剪、旋转变换和透视变换对训练集进行数据扩充,以模拟图像采集的不同视角和减少网络模型的过拟合。在Tensor Flow深度学习框架下,基于数据扩充前后的样本集,对Alex Net进行全新学习和迁移学习。试验结果表明,迁移学习能够明显提高模型的收敛速度和分类性能;数据扩充有助于增加数据的多样性,避免出现过拟合现象;在迁移学习和数据扩充方式下的分类准确率高达96.53%,对藻斑病、软腐病、煤污病、黄化病、健康叶5类病害的F1得分分别达到94.28%、94.67%、97.31%、98.34%和98.03%。该方法具有较高的识别准确率,对平移、旋转具有较强的鲁棒性,可为植物叶片病害智能诊断提供参考。     

土壤微生物群落结构对凋落物组成变化的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,明确凋落物多样性如何影响土壤微生物群落构成和多度,继而潜在地改变凋落物分解的微生物学机制有助于认识生物多样性和森林生态系统功能的关系。通过小盆模拟试验,应用磷脂脂肪酸谱图的方法研究了我国南方红壤丘陵区典型物种马尾松和湿地松的凋落物分别与白栎和青冈的凋落物混合,与单一针叶凋落物分解时相比,针阔混合凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化,结果显示:(1)针阔混合凋落物分解时土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipidfatty acids,PLFA)总量低于单一针叶处理,细菌和放线菌的相对多度高于单一针叶处理,真菌则相反,群落真菌/细菌低于单一针叶处理,土壤微生物生物量的差异主要来自于真菌;(2)主成分分析表明:针阔混合凋落物分解与单一针叶凋落物分解的土壤微生物群落结构差异显著,两个时期(分解9个月和18个月)主成分一分别可以解释65.74%和89.63%的变异,第一主成分主要包括18∶2ω6,9、18∶1ω9c、17∶0和10Me18∶0等磷脂脂肪酸;(3)土壤微生物群落结构受凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N调控,土壤微生物群落细菌的相对多度与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著负相关,真菌则与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关,群落真菌/细菌与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关。针阔凋落物混合分解通过改变凋落物C/N和木质素/N,提供了对分解者更为有利的微环境。     

Long-term cultivation impact on the heavy metal behavior in a reclaimed wetland,Northeast China

Purpose

Heavy metal fractionation varies according to land uses. To understand the behavior of heavy metals in wetland soils under long-term agricultural cultivation, we examined the distribution, source, and associated environmental risk of heavy metals in different types of wetland soils.

Materials and methods

Soils were collected in cultivated lands, artificial ditches, and riparian zones from a reclaimed wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. They were analyzed for total concentrations and chemical fractions of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni, as well as pH, soil organic matter, total phosphorus, and particle size distribution.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal concentrations were significantly lower in cultivated wetland than in ditch and riparian wetlands. Riparian wetland was found to exhibit the highest metal concentrations. When compared with other two wetland types, the cultivated wetland showed much higher partitioning levels of heavy metals in the acid-soluble fraction and lower partitioning levels in the oxidizable fraction. Although Cr, Cu, and Ni in ditch and riparian wetlands were identified as the metal pollutants of primary concern, they had a low or no risk of further dispersion to other environmental components. Weathering of parent materials was the main source of Cr and Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn originated mainly from agricultural practices, and Ni emanated from a mixture of sources.

Conclusions

Long-term agricultural cultivation can lead to significant heavy metal loss in cultivated wetland but enrich heavy metal concentrations in ditch and riparian wetlands. Periodic ditch dredging is considered an effective measure for decreasing heavy metal input into the fluvial system and thereby reducing the dispersion to the regional water environment.     

山地果园牵引式双轨运输机断绳制动装置设计与试验

针对山地果园牵引式双轨运输机存在钢丝绳松脱或断裂可能引发溜车事故等问题,研制了一种断绳制动装置,描述了载物滑车的总体结构及制动装置关键结构尺寸关系,分析了制动装置制动过程的运动规律。应用SolidWorks建立制动装置简化模型,然后倒入ADAMS/View中建立了制动装置和轨道横梁虚拟样机,虚拟制动试验确定了制动过程的动力学变化规律。动力学仿真与台架试验结果表明,该断绳制动装置的制动成功率为100%,随着装载质量的增大,制动杆与轨道横梁碰撞后的明显回弹次数逐渐减少;碰撞点的应力以及制动杆的回弹距离均随着回弹次数的增大而逐渐减小;仿真结果与试验结果相差极小,验证了仿真过程是正确的。该研究可为山地果园轨道运输机械的安全制动装置设计及后续优化提供参考。     

青藏高原土壤有机碳储量与密度分布

采用全国第二次土壤普查数据结合作者的实测数据,利用1∶100万土壤数据库对青藏高原土壤有机质层、土壤矿质层及整个剖面的土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量分别进行了估算。结果表明:青藏高原的平均土壤有机碳密度约为C 7.2 kg m-2,较前人的C 8.01~19.05 kg m-2全国平均土壤有机碳密度偏低。青藏高原总的土壤有机碳储量约为18.37 Pg,其中有机质层土壤有机碳储量约占38.14%,矿质层土壤有机碳储量则占61.86%。     

高产优质杂交晚稻新组合万象优8339的选育

万象优8339是江西红一种业科技股份有限公司、萍乡市农业科学研究所和江西农业大学农学院利用优质三系不育系万象A与自选的晚籼恢复系萍恢8339配组而成的三系晚籼中熟杂交水稻新组合,该品种具有产量高、稳产性好、抗性强、适应性广、熟期转色好、米质优等特点。2021年3月通过江西省农作物品种审定委员会审定,适宜于江西省晚籼稻作区种植。介绍了该组合的选育经过、品种特征特性、产量表现、栽培及制种技术要点等。     

不同分子量壳寡糖对黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗抗病酶活性影响的研究

采用平均分子量分别为3000、5000、10000的0.3%(w/v)壳寡糖溶液处理黑麦草种子并对处理过的种子进行发芽试验和幼苗抗病酶活性的测定。结果表明:三种不同分子量壳寡糖溶液处理黑麦草种子,均可以提高黑麦草种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,并且提高了幼苗的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白的含量。增强了幼苗的过氧化物酶(POD)活性,诱导了病程相关蛋白(即,几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶及苯丙氨酸解氨酶)的表达。其中,以平均分子量为10000的壳寡糖对种子活力及幼苗的生长和抗病酶活性的影响最好,其发芽指数和活力指数分别比对照提高了32.64%、60.47%;苗高、可溶性蛋白含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性分别比对照提高了20.98%、33.80%、43.17%、15.73%、26.41%。     

Initiation and development of microspore embryogenesis in recalcitrant purple flowering stalk (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. purpurea Hort.) genotypes

Purple flowering stalk (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var.purpurea Hort.) was generally regarded as a recalcitrant species for microspore culture in Brassica crops. Conditions for reliable induction of microspore embryogenesis were studied in 12 genotypes of purple flowering stalk. A treatment of short heat shock to microspore by incubating at 32 °C for 18 h was suitable for the survival of microspores, sustained cell divisions, and further induced embryogenesis. Subsequently, the reduced concentration of macro salts (1/2 NLN) provided an optimal condition for the development of embryoids. Under the optimized conditions for microspore embryoid development, 10 genotypes responded to microspore culture with the frequencies ranging from 2.7 to 70.5 embryoids per dish. However, regenerated plants were obtained from 9 genotypes, and more than 75% these regenerated plants were double haploid. This report establishes an efficient protocol for microspore culture and offers great potential for DH breeding in purple flowering stalk.