应用PCR方法通过毛发进行哺乳动物性别鉴定

以哺乳动物的新鲜毛发和在冷冻条件下保存４个月的毛发作为材料。从毛囊中提取ＤＮＡ,应用ＰＣＲ方法扩增ＳＲＹ基因片段,ＺＦＸ／ＺＦＹ基因片段,探讨哺乳动物性别鉴定的最优化ＰＣＲ方案。结果表明,毛发ＤＮＡ和血液ＤＮＡ均可获得相同的扩增结果。证实了毛发作为ＰＣＲ扩增材料是可靠的。对不同材料量、不同模板量、不同提取方法进行比较,优化实验方案,达到１根毛发用Ｃｈｅｌｅｘ－１００提取得到的ＤＮＡ即可以成功地进行     

兰州大尾羊染色体组型分析

应用血淋巴细胞微量血培养法对兰州大尾羊的核型进行研究,结果表明兰州大尾羊二倍体染色体数2n=54,由26对常染色体和1对性染色体组成(XX/XY型)。26对常染色体中有3对最大的亚中部着丝点染色体和23对端部着丝点染色体;X染色体为最大的端部着丝点染色体,Y染色体为最小的亚中部着丝点染色体。     

21种竹材酸含量及其酸度对脲醛树脂胶胶凝时间的影响

测定了21种竹材基、中、梢3部分的酸含量,研究了竹材中不同酸度对脲醛树脂胶胶凝时间的影响。其结果为:①竹材的总酸含量为4.179～29.197mmol/100g竹粉,游离酸含量为1.648～14.637,结合酸含量为0.067～19.742;②竹秆基、中、梢3部分的酸含量差异大;③竹材—脲醛树脂胶胶凝时间与竹材pH值、碱缓冲容量、总缓冲容量、总酸和结合酸含量具有极显著的相关性,与游离酸含量具较显著相关性,而与酸缓冲容量相关性不显著。     

基于射线轮廓点匹配的生猪红外与可见光图像自动配准

为研究生猪多源图像特征提取方法及生猪体表温度与生猪异常的关系特征,该文提出一种基于射线轮廓特征点匹配的红外与可见光图像自动配准方法。采用红外热像仪,同时采集相同猪舍场景的可见光图像和红外热图像,以红外热图像中生猪区域质心为中心间隔均匀角度构建辅助射线,提取射线与边缘轮廓交点构建匹配特征点集,通过计算不同尺度变换因子下特征点集间的加权部分Hausdorff距离作为测度,引入RPROP算法进行迭代加速,实现了可见光图像和红外热图像的快速自动配准。试验中,应用该文算法对50对红外和光学图像进行了测试,所提出自动配准方法配准成功率达到94%,平均配准误差小于1像素,试验结果表明自动配准效果达到或超过手动配准的效果,为进一步研究生猪多源图像异常特征提取奠定基础。     

梯田对黄土区降雨径流过程的影响及SCS-CN模型应用与改进

梯田改变了流域下垫面,对降雨径流过程势必产生影响,径流曲线模型（Soil Conservation Service Curve Number,SCS-CN）在中国黄土区,特别是梯田分布广泛流域的适用性仍存争议。为此,该研究以位于甘肃天水的罗玉沟流域为研究对象,利用梯田修建前后2个时段（1985-1990年、2000-2010年）的降雨径流实测资料,分析梯田修建对降雨-径流过程的影响,验证SCS-CN模型的适用性,进一步考虑梯田修建的影响,针对不同降雨类型分别提出了基于降雨量和平均雨强的模型改进方法。结果表明：1）梯田修建对流域径流过程的影响与降雨强度关系密切。当雨强较小时,梯田显著削减流域洪峰和径流总量,削减幅度均在55%以上;而当降雨量和雨强较大时,梯田削减洪峰和径流总量效果并不显著。总体上,梯田修建后流域平均降雨径流系数显著减小至0.06,减小幅度约54%。2）基于最小二乘法优化与考虑前期土壤含水率修正的SCS-CN模型并不适用于梯田分布广泛流域的径流预报。引入降雨量和平均雨强改进后的模型模拟效果显著提高,此时流域暴雨量级以下和以上降雨事件的初损率分别为0.29和0.02。该研究基于降雨因子改进的模型在梯田分布广泛流域具有一定的适用性,可为流域产流计算及水土保持规划提供参考依据。     

运用PLS算法由HJ-1A/1B遥感影像估测区域小麦实际单产

为进一步提高遥感估产精度,显示国产影像在农业估产中的应用效果。该研究以2010-2013年HJ-1A/1B影像为遥感数据,分析了卫星遥感变量与小麦实际单产的定量关系,运用偏最小二乘回归算法构建及验证了以实际单产为目标的多变量遥感估产模型,并制作了小麦实际单产空间等级分布图。研究表明:实际单产与所选用的大多数遥感变量间关系密切,且多数遥感变量两两间具有严重的多重相关关系;实际单产偏最小二乘回归模型的最佳主成分为5,且植被衰减指数、绿色归一化植被指数、调整土壤亮度的植被指数、比值植被指数和归一化植被指数为实际单产遥感估测的敏感变量;建模集和验证集实际单产估测模型的决定系数分别为0.74和0.70,均方根误差分别为754.05和748.20 kg/hm2,相对误差分别为11.5%和8.88%,且估测精度比线性回归算法分别提高20%以上和40%以上,比主成分分析算法分别提高18%以上和30%以上,说明偏最小二乘回归算法模型估测区域实际单产的效果要明显好于线性回归和主成分分析算法,该模型应用结果与小麦实际单产区域分布情况相符合,为提高区域小麦实际单产的遥感估测精度提供了一种途径。     

基于格网的石漠化地区生态系统服务与经济空间耦合

[目的]分析石漠化地区生态系统服务价值与经济的空间耦合关系,为石漠化地区生态环境保护与社会经济协调发展提供依据。[方法]以贵州省盘州市为例,基于格网尺度,计算了研究区生态服务价值(ESV)与国内生产总值GDP,并利用耦合协调模型,对两者间的耦合协调发展程度进行定量评估。[结果]①盘州市ESV热点区主要分布在东北部的几个少数民族乡镇,冷点区主要分布在经济发展较快且城市化率较高的区域;②盘州市GDP在空间上呈现出局部高的特点,高值区主要集中在石桥镇、亦资街道、翰林街道等工业镇和政治、经济、文化中心;③盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度值较低,空间上存在明显的自相关性,耦合协调度较低的区域主要分布在盘州市东南部、北部以及中部;④盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度类型以严重失调衰退经济损益型为主,占区域总面积的79.95%。[结论]盘州市ESV与GDP在空间上存在一定矛盾,耦合协调度较低,兼顾生态环境保护与经济发展有助于提升协调度。     

竹类植物花粉的生活力和自然授粉

对12种开花竹类植物花粉的败育、生活力和自然授粉进行了观察和试验研究，花药和花粉在离体后生活力保存时间较短，尤其是离体花粉的生活力在1－2h会丧失贻尽，适宜竹花粉萌发的培养液的10％蔗糖液，若再加入5ppm硼酸能明显提高花粉发芽率。篌竹和斑苦 花分别属于花药合并粘连和无花粉的二类雄性不育型，其余10个竹种的花粉中均有三种类型的败育花粉，低温、干旱等不育环境使竹花粉发育受阻，不育花粉率增高，竹花的自然授粉不良，在盛花的竹株上接受不到花粉的竹花占33．3％，在部分开花的竹株上花粉自然授粉率公10％。     

Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines

The seasonal and annual variability of sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), evapotranspiration (ET), crop coefficient (K_c) and crop water productivity (WP_ET) were investigated under two different rice environments, flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2008-2009 cropping periods. Since we had only one EC system for monitoring two rice environments, we had to move the system from one location to the other every week. In total, we had to gap-fill an average of 50-60% of the missing weekly data as well as those values rejected by the quality control tests in each rice field in all four cropping seasons. Although the EC method provides a direct measurement of LE, which is the energy used for ET, we needed to correct the values of H and LE to close the energy balance using the Bowen ratio closure method before we used LE to estimate ET. On average, the energy balance closure before correction was 0.72 ± 0.06 and it increased to 0.99 ± 0.01 after correction. The G in both flooded and aerobic fields was very low. Likewise, the energy involved in miscellaneous processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and heat storage in the rice canopy was not taken into consideration.Average for four cropping seasons, flooded rice fields had 19% more LE than aerobic fields whereas aerobic rice fields had 45% more H than flooded fields. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in flooded fields (0.14 ± 0.03) than in aerobic fields (0.24 ± 0.01). For our study sites, evapotranspiration was primarily controlled by net radiation. The aerobic rice fields had lower growing season ET rates (3.81 ± 0.21 mm d⁻¹) than the flooded rice fields (4.29 ± 0.23 mm d⁻¹), most probably due to the absence of ponded water and lower leaf area index of aerobic rice. Likewise, the crop coefficient, K_c, of aerobic rice was significantly lower than that of flooded rice. For aerobic rice, K_c values were 0.95 ± 0.01 for the vegetative stage, 1.00 ± 0.01 for the reproductive stage, 0.97 ± 0.04 for the ripening stage and 0.88 ± 0.03 for the fallow period, whereas, for flooded rice, K_c values were 1.04 ± 0.04 for the vegetative stage, 1.11 ± 0.05 for the reproductive stage, 1.04 ± 0.05 for the ripening stage and 0.93 ± 0.06 for the fallow period. The average annual ET was 1301 mm for aerobic rice and 1440 mm for flooded rice. This corresponds to about 11% lower total evapotranspiration in aerobic fields than in flooded fields. However, the crop water productivity (WP_ET) of aerobic rice (0.42 ± 0.03 g grain kg⁻¹ water) was significantly lower than that of flooded rice (1.26 ± 0.26 g grain kg⁻¹ water) because the grain yields of aerobic rice were very low since they were subjected to water stress.The results of this investigation showed significant differences in energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Aerobic rice is one of the promising water-saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirements of the rice crop to address the issues of water scarcity. This information should be taken into consideration in evaluating alternative water-saving technologies for environmentally sustainable rice production systems.