试论我国的精确农业

精确农业是超前性的农业新技术。由于精确农业充分地利用了作物、土壤和病虫害的空间和时间变化量来进行耕作和田间管理，因而，取得的经济和环境边际效益非常显著。结合我国国情，研究发展适用的精确农业技术体系、应用体系不仅是必要的，而且是可能的。精确农业的研究与发展将有助于我国人口、资源与环境方面重大问题的解决，有助于农业资源的高效利用和农业环境保护。     

Assessment of bacterial communities in skin ulceration in cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

International Aquatic Research - To determine changes in bacterial composition in skin ulcerations in farmed sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing of different...     

Regulation of blood and lymphatic vascular separation by signaling proteins SLP-76 and Syk

Lymphatic vessels develop from specialized endothelial cells in preexisting blood vessels, but the molecular signals that regulate this separation are unknown. Here we identify a failure to separate emerging lymphatic vessels from blood vessels in mice lacking the hematopoietic signaling protein SLP-76 or Syk. Blood-lymphatic connections lead to embryonic hemorrhage and arteriovenous shunting. Expression of slp-76 could not be detected in endothelial cells, and blood-filled lymphatics also arose in wild-type mice reconstituted with SLP-76-deficient bone marrow. These studies reveal a hematopoietic signaling pathway required for separation of the two major vascular networks in mammals.     

Effects of Cd and Pb pollution on soil enzymatic activities and soil microbiota

Based on a representative sampling method and pot experiment with different concentrations of Cd and Pd, the enzymatic activities (urease, phosphatase, catalase, invertase), population of bacteria, fungus and actinomycete in the soil, the Cd and Pd pollution status of soil samples (from the wastewater-irrigated area of Baoding suburb) were appraised. Unitary linear and nonlinear curve-fitting optimization models were applied in the research, and the relationship between Pb and Cd causing pollution and enzymatic activities of the tested soils were discussed. The research may provide a theoretical basis for protecting the environment in the region of Baiyangdian Lake, Hebei province, prevent soil pollution, and ascertain biochemical indexes, which reflect soil heavy metal pollution levels. The research results indicated that: (1) there was obvious accumulation of Pb and Cd in the wastewater-irrigated area, also the accumulation in wastewater-irrigated soil is more than that in fresh water-irrigated soil, and accumulation on surface layer was more than that in the lower layer. Pb and Cd contents in the tested soils exceeded the standards of soil background values for some major cities at home and abroad and the world soil Cd and Pb contents range. This means that the tested soil had reached a lightly polluted level; (2) there existed an obvious negative correlation between soil enzymatic activities and Pb and Cd contents in wastewater-irrigated soil, where the soil urease and catalase activities decreased obviously with the increase of Pb and Cd contents in soil. Therefore, the urease and catalase can be considered as biochemical indexes that reflect the degree of soil Pb and Cd pollution; (3) the pot experiments indicated that the influence of Cd on soil enzymatic activities was greater than that of Pb. Generally, the effect of Cd on soil phosphatase, urease, catalase is more obvious than that on invertase, while Pb has a more obvious effect on invertase than Cd; (4) pot experiments of triple cropping showed that, Cd and Pb had an obvious inhibiting effect on microbes. The influence sensitivity of Cd and Pb on different microbes was ordered as bacteria > actinomycete > fungus. Cd had a greater inhibiting effect on microbes than Pb, the influence of Cd and Pb on actinomycete and fungus was relatively smaller, therefore, bacteria can be chosen as an important index that reflects the effect of Cd and Pb on microbe sensitivity.     

不同养分组合对高粱吸收氮磷钾养分的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究不同蕉园土壤条件下不同养分及组合对高粱吸收氮磷钾养分的规律。研究表明：在OPT基础上,（1）不施N,极显著降低高粱对N的吸收,但提高了高粱对P的吸收,且极显著提高了高粱对K的吸收;不施P,严重降低高粱对P的吸收,却提高了高粱对K的吸收。（2）不施Mg、施S或施B均有助于提高高粱对P和K的吸收。（3）施Fe、施Mn或施Cu均有助于提高高粱对K的吸收。     

水分胁迫对花生不同器官非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响

为探讨不同生育时期水分胁迫对花生不同器官非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)“库—源—流”间的变化动态,以‘花育20号’和‘花育27号’花生品种为试材,采用控制条件下的防雨棚池栽方法,研究了花生生长发育过程中不同生育时期水分胁迫下,非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)在花生叶片、茎、根和荚果等器官中的动态变化。结果表明,全生育期干旱胁迫使花生叶片、茎和根中可溶性总糖含量和淀粉均明显升高,但荚果中可溶性糖含量却明显降低。无论何生育时期受到干旱胁迫均使得叶片中可溶性糖含量峰值提前15天左右出现,“源”物质输出提前但输出量降低,叶片提前衰老。生育前期干旱胁迫使滞留在荚果中的NSC含量增加,结荚期后干旱胁迫反而利于荚果中NSC的转化。全生育期水分适宜处理叶片中NSC含量相对较低且变化较小。由此表明,干旱胁迫降低了NSC由源至库的运输和转化,使荚果“库”容量降低。     

PG,ACC,乙烯对番茄果实成熟的影响

番茄果实在成熟过程中硬度下降迅速，ＰＧ活性急剧上升，表现出显著的负相关；用ＡＣＣ和乙烯利处理绿熟期果实，结果乙烯促进了正常番茄和ａｌｃ番茄果实成熟进程，其ＰＧ活性也升高，而外源乙烯和ＡＣＣ不影响ｎｏｒ基因突变体果实的成熟进程。ＡＣＣ和ＰＧ无直接关系。     

黄土高原土壤水分资源特征

经58县调查,黄土高原土壤水分资源有以下特征:一、土壤持水能力高,其主体质地土壤(轻壤、中壤占80%)的田间持水量一般在19%～22%之间,居于全国中上等水平;二、土壤经常处于低储量水分状态,一般只占到田间持水量的60%～80%和43%～55.9%;三、土壤水分利用率偏低。黄土高原地区,0～5m土层的农田存有剩余有效水为463.16～413.4mm;四、生物利用干层普遍存在,有临时和永久性干层。改善土壤水分条件的措施:1.建立合理的农地、林地、草地配置区;2.建立合理的立体利用土壤水分模式;3.采取相应保墒和耕作措施。     

兴安落叶松人工林土壤碳密度分布特征研究

【目的】分析不同人工更新造林方式下兴安落叶松林土壤碳密度分布特征,为研究地区人工林生态系统碳汇管理及造林实践提供理论依据。【方法】2015年7-8月,以内蒙古大兴安岭林区不同人工更新造林方式(荒山荒地、水湿地、火烧迹地)和林龄(幼龄林、中龄林)的兴安落叶松林人工林为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对兴安落叶松幼龄林和中龄林0~40cm土层土壤有机碳、碳密度以及分布特征进行比较研究。【结果】不同人工更新造林方式下,幼龄林和中龄林落叶松各土层土壤有机碳含量分别为26.84~105.42,30.26~101.81g/kg,土壤有机碳主要集中在0~20cm土层,其所占比例在63%以上,均随着土层的加深而降低;幼龄林和中龄林落叶松各土层土壤碳密度分别为23.80~106.98,34.84~89.48t/hm~2,也随着土层的加深而降低,0~20cm土层碳密度占土壤总碳密度的60%以上,呈现表层聚集现象。幼龄林不同人工更新造林方式土壤总碳密度(0~40cm土层)分别为火烧迹地(258.98t/hm~2)荒山荒地(249.24t/hm~2)水湿地(238.12t/hm~2),中龄林不同人工更新造林方式土壤总碳密度分别为荒山荒地(263.92t/hm~2)火烧迹地(253.83t/hm~2)水湿地(249.44t/hm~2),且不同更新造林方式之间差异均显著。【结论】不同人工更新造林方式下,兴安落叶松人工林土壤有机碳含量及碳密度存在明显差异,在未来研究区造林实践中,建议选择火烧迹地、荒山荒地造林,对于水湿地应以保护和保护性利用为主,并且减少人类活动对森林表层土壤的干扰和破环。