湖南省洞庭湖区5株H6N6亚型禽流感毒株HA、NA基因的遗传进化分析

为了从分子生物学角度了解H6N6亚型禽流感病毒在湖南省洞庭湖区的变异特点和进化规律,为该地区H6N6亚型禽流感的防控提供一些理论依据,对2012年在洞庭湖区分离的H6N6亚型禽流感毒株的HA、NA基因进行扩增、克隆和测序,并对所得序列进行同源性和遗传进化分析。结果显示,本试验分离到的5株H6N6亚型禽流感毒株HA裂解位点为PQIETR↓GLF,均没有多个连续的碱性氨基酸插入,属于低致病性病毒;5株病毒的HA和NA潜在的糖基化位点有一些差别,这些差别是否会引起其毒力和致病力上的差异还有待研究;从基因遗传进化关系来看,这些毒株与我国汕头、广西分离的毒株同源性较高。     

乳、肉制品中抗生素残留现状及监控对策

介绍了抗生素的定义及分类,我国乳、肉制品中抗生素残留问题的现状,详细分析了抗生素残留的危害和抗生素残留的原因,概述了抗生素残留检测方法的研究进展,并提出了解决抗生素残留的对策和建议。     

话说犬的灵活性

犬的灵活性是指犬敏捷与随机应变的性能和程度。一般来说,犬接受事物快,对事物反应敏感,行为动作敏捷,其灵活性就好;反之就差。作为训养犬的人,让自己训养的犬具有很好的灵活性,是每位犬主的共同心愿,以及追求的方向与目标。     

High‐level exogenous trans10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid plays an anti‐lipogenesis role in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were treated by 0, 37.5, 75, 112.5, 150 μmol/L trans10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to evaluate the effects of different level trans10, cis12 CLA on lipogenesis in BMEC. Addition of 75–150 μmol/L trans10, cis12 CLA reduced significantly the triacylglycerol (TAG) content (P < 0.05), but did not have inhibiting action on cell proliferation (P > 0.05). Treatment with 150 μmol/L trans10, cis12 CLA for 48 h resulted in a 17.1% reduction (P < 0.0001) of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA, C14 < C < C16), a 26.5% reduction (P < 0.0001) of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and a corresponding reduction of the mRNA abundance of acetyl coenzyme A (acetylCoA) carboxylase (ACC) (P = 0.046), fatty acid synthase (FAS) (P = 0.017) and stearoylCoA desaturase1 (SCD1) (P = 0.002). Another finding was that trans10, cis12 CLA elevated expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 (DGAT2) (P = 0.020) and long chain acylCoA synthetases (ACSL) (P = 0.032). In conclusion, higher trans10, cis12 CLA, not low trans10, cis12 CLA, inhibited milk fat synthesis and changed fatty acid composition by regulating the expression of FAS, ACC, SCD1, DGAT2 and ACSL.     

Experimental studies with foot-and-mouth disease virus type Asia-1, responsible for the 2005 epidemic in China

This study was carried out to investigate the biological characteristics of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus strain Asia-1 China/2005, which is responsible for the 2005 epidemic in China. The result showed that this strain is not host restricted, and could not only cause FMD in cattle and sheep but also in pigs by either inoculation or direct contact.     

益生菌对宿主机体免疫调节作用研究进展

益生菌是一类对宿主机体健康有益的低致病性或无致病性微生物。大量研究表明,益生菌能够维持宿主肠道菌群平衡,作用于肠道黏膜免疫系统,引起体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,从而调节机体的免疫功能。就益生菌的免疫调节作用途径,及其对机体体液免疫和细胞免疫的影响进行了综述。     

Cytomorphologic differentiation of benign and malignant mammary tumors in fine needle aspirate specimens from irradiated female Sprague-Dawley rats.

BACKGROUND: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) offers a rapid and minimally invasive means to distinguish malignant from benign neoplasms. However, few studies have been published regarding the cytopathology of mammary tumors in rats despite widespread use of the rat model for breast cancer formation and inhibition. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology and to develop distinguishing cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of radiation-induced benign and malignant mammary tumors in rats. METHODS: In a study of radiation-induced mammary carcinogenesis, 100 Sprague-Dawley rats with cutaneous masses were randomly chosen for FNA. The aspirates were smeared, fixed, and stained with a modified Papanicolaou procedure for diagnostic evaluation. Cytologic and histologic diagnoses (benign vs malignant) were compared, and diagnostic accuracy was calculated using the histologic diagnosis as the criterion standard. FNA smears were scored semiquantitatively on a scale of 1-4 for cellularity, atypia, nuclear size, chromatin pattern, nuclear membrane thickness, nucleoli, and mitoses. The background was evaluated for necrosis, hemorrhage, inflammation, and mucosecretory material. Cytomorphologic features were compared statistically between benign and malignant tumors, based on the histologic diagnosis. RESULTS: The sensitivity of FNA was 92.3% and specificity was 89.4% for the detection of malignancy. However, 14% of specimens, all fibroadenomas by histology, had insufficient cells for cytologic evaluation, for an overall accuracy rate of 78.0%. Malignant tumors had significantly higher scores for all cytomorphologic features, and were significantly more likely to contain cell clusters and necrotic debris. CONCLUSIONS: FNA is an accurate method for differentiating benign and malignant rat mammary tumors.     

用PPA-ELISA测HCLV抗体和抑制法测HCLV

对早期建立的PPA-ELISA测猪瘟兔化弱毒(HCLV)抗体和PPA-ELISA抑制法测HCLV毒价的2种方法作总结性回顾。前者用于猪瘟的免疫监测,以抗体的分布曲线显示HCLV的免疫效果,出现低谷为免疫力不足,出现特异高峰则可能有强毒侵入;如群体保护率小于50%,表明免疫失败。后者主要用于细胞培养液小样的HCLV毒价测定,方法简单,一次能测多个样品。检测结果表明,在现用的疫苗中抑制价高的,完全有可能用16万或20万倍稀释通过兔体测毒。对此,建议将兔体半数反应量(RID50)标准提高至16万或20万倍稀释,一次通过,免疫剂量用400RID50,与国际接轨,达到早日消灭猪瘟的目标。     

Inductive expression of the NOD1 signalling pathway in chickens infected with Salmonella pullorum

1. The aim of this study was to describe the role of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) receptor signalling in chicken.

2. Tissue-specific expression analysis of NOD1, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (MAPK11 or p38) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed their wide distribution in various organs and tissues.

3. Salmonella pullorum infection activated NOD1 receptor signalling in vivo and in vitro, resulting in significant induction of downstream signalling molecules RIPK2, NF-κB/p65, MAPK11/p38 and the effector molecules IL-1b and IL-8.

4. Activation of NOD1 by its agonist bacterial γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) in HD11 cells induced the adapter molecular RIPK2 and activated the NF-κB/p65 and MAPK11/p38 pathways, resulting in an increase in IL-8 but not IL-1β. Additionally, inhibition of NOD1 using NOD1-shRNA resulted in downregulation of RIPK2, MAPK11 and IL-8, while NF-κB/p65 and IL-1β were unaltered.

5. These results highlight the important role of NOD1 receptors in eliciting the innate immune response following pathogenic invasion in chicken.     

东北虎（Panthera tigris altaica）个体识别技术研究进展

对东北虎种群的科学监测是采取有效保护、管理及恢复措施的基础,而准确的个体识别又是保证有效监测的前提。尤其是在中国,在野生东北虎种群数量很少,种群密度极低的情况下,能根据它留下的各种信息进行个体识别就显得尤为重要。目前,用于野生东北虎个体识别的技术主要有：足迹识别、DNA识别、条纹识别以及气味识别等。本文对这几种技术的特点、研究进展、应用注意事项等做了介绍,并且结合中国的实际情况,分析每种技术在中国的适用性,认为如果要建立中国的东北虎种群数量数据库,足迹识别和DNA识别比较适合在中国现有东北虎分布区推广使用。通过足迹识别,信息容易获取,也是最经济和比较成熟的方法;由于种群密度低,含DNA的遗传样本虽不能每次都采集到,但可以长期积累;现阶段条纹和气味识别只能起到辅助的作用。