Effect of peripartal administration of mycobacterium cell wall fraction on health and fertility of Holstein cows under organic-certified management

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of peripartal administration of a commercially available nonspecific immune stimulant (mycobacterium cell wall fraction; MCWF [Amplimune, NovaVive Inc., Napanee, ON, Canada]) on the incidence of disease during early lactation and subsequent fertility of dairy cows. A second objective was to characterize the dynamics of circulating white blood cells (WBC) and metabolic markers following treatment administration. Cows in an United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic-certified dairy herd were blocked by parity and, based on sequential calving dates, randomly assigned to receive two injections (5 mL s.c.) of either a placebo (saline solution) as a control (CON; n = 71) or MCWF (n = 65) at enrollment (7 d before expected calving) and within 24 h after calving. Blood samples were collected from a subsample of the study population (MCWF = 16; CON = 18) for WBC count at enrollment, at day 2 post enrollment, and at days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after calving. Serum fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and Ca concentrations were determined at days 1 and 7 postpartum (MCWF = 21; CON = 21). Main outcome variables included incidence risk of peripartal and early lactation health disorders and pregnancy at first artificial insemination (AI), at 100, and at 150 days in milk (DIM). In addition, the average daily milk yield up to 90 DIM and death and live culling before 305 DIM were compared. Treatment effects were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, time-to-event analyses, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). A treatment effect on the incidence risk of some of the health disorders in the study was established. Incidence risk of metritis and clinical mastitis <28 DIM was smaller in MCWF than in CON cows (36.9% vs. 50.7% and 6.3% vs. 19.7%, respectively). On the contrary, the incidence risk of respiratory disease <28 DIM was smaller in CON (0%) than in MCWF (7.7%). Reproductive performance of multiparous cows was affected by MCWF administration: pregnancy at first AI and pregnancy at 100 and 150 DIM were greater in MCWF than in CON (35.6% vs. 19.2%; 51.1% vs. 25.0%; and 64.4% vs. 40.4%, respectively). Overall, median intervals from calving to pregnancy were 90 vs. 121 d in MCWF and CON cows, respectively. No treatment effects on the dynamics of circulating WBC or in postpartum metabolic status were established. No differences for milk yield or for the proportion of cows that survived up to 305 DIM were determined, although cows in MCWF left the herd earlier than cows in CON. In conclusion, incidence risks of metritis and mastitis in early lactation were smaller in cows receiving MCWF, whereas the incidence risk of respiratory disease was smaller in CON. Fertility significantly improved in MCWF compared with CON cows. As this study was performed in an organic-certified dairy, specific health and reproductive management practices may affect the external validity of the current findings.     

基于特征LED光源的苹果多品质参数无损检测装置研究

为了实现对优质果品的快速无损筛选,设计了便携式苹果多品质一体化无损检测装置。利用可见/近红外光谱检测平台,获取苹果样本的漫反射光谱信息,采用随机蛙跳算法提取了可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和果肉硬度的特征波长,优选出3个参数的10个共享特征波长。在此基础上,采用特征窄带LED光源与光电二极管相结合的检测方式,设计了漫反射检测光路、窄带LED环形光源、检测探头及控制电路等硬件系统。选取144个苹果样本,通过检测装置获取漫反射特征电压强度,由传感器感光系数计算出对应的光强,建立了苹果可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和果肉硬度的多元线性回归模型,预测集相关系数分别为0. 812 9、0. 807 3和0. 773 6,均方根误差为0. 603 6°Brix、0. 063 6%和1. 732 5 N。基于QT和Python3开发工具,采用Python语言开发了装置的实时控制与分析软件,植入苹果多品质参数预测模型,实现了多品质参数的同时检测与分析。为测试该装置的检测精度和稳定性,另选取46个样本,每个样本重复检测8次,预测苹果可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和果肉硬度的相关系数分别为0. 809 6、0. 796 2和0. 758 9,均方根误差0. 697 3°Brix、0. 070 3%和1. 832 3 N,装置重复采样最大变异系数分别为0. 010 6、0. 011 6和0. 006 2。结果表明:基于多特征窄带LED光源研发的低成本、便携式无损检测装置可实现对苹果多品质参数的实时无损检测,可满足农户田间生产及电商销售优质果筛选要求。     

镉胁迫下不同改良剂对水稻种子萌发和镉吸收积累的影响

采用种子萌发试验和溶液培养试验方法,比较4种不同改良剂对Cd胁迫下水稻种子萌发和Cd吸收积累的影响。结果表明:添加硼酸、褪黑素、钼酸钠和硅酸钠均可以促进Cd胁迫下水稻种子萌发和水稻幼苗的生长发育。在浓度为5μmol·L~(-1)的Cd胁迫下,添加1 mg·L~(-1)硼酸、10μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素、0.5 mg·L~(-1)钼酸钠和1 mmol·L~(-1)硅酸钠使水稻种子发芽率比CK处理分别提高11.1%、10.0%、11.1%和10.0%,发芽势分别提高17.8%、17.8%、17.8%和22.2%;添加这4种改良剂可以不同程度地降低水稻种子萌发和水培实验中水稻植株Cd含量。5μmol·L~(-1)的Cd胁迫下,添加硼酸、褪黑素、钼酸钠和硅酸钠均显著降低种子萌发试验中水稻幼根和幼芽Cd含量,其中幼根Cd含量降低38.6%～51.3%,幼芽Cd含量降低36.9%～41.1%。水培实验中,当Cd浓度为1μmol·L~(-1)时,添加硼酸、褪黑素、钼酸钠和硅酸钠使水稻根系Cd含量比对照处理分别降低32.6%、38.3%、47.0%和72.5%(8 d)。硅酸钠降低水稻Cd含量的效果最明显,其次是钼酸钠和褪黑素,硼酸的效果稍差。     

OsBELL4A调控水稻WOX家族基因表达及水稻幼苗生长和耐逆

根系不仅对地上部分起着重要的支撑作用,也是植物吸收水分和养分的主要器官。为了研究BELL家族因子在植物生长发育及逆境胁迫应答中的功能,通过与拟南芥序列对比,鉴定到水稻4个BELL4同源基因,它们的启动子含有ABRE、GARE、ERE、ARE和DRE等应答逆境胁迫和激素信号的元件。在水稻根中进行实时定量PCR分析表明,这4个BELL4同源基因不仅受到干旱、低温以及盐等逆境胁迫诱导,而且还受到植物激素乙烯、赤霉素以及脱落酸的调控,表明这些基因可能应答多种激素及逆境胁迫。进一步分析OsBELL4A干扰材料表型发现,抑制OsBELL4A基因能够促进WOX家族基因的表达水平,并抑制水稻苗期初生根生长,但使冠根数量增多。这些结果表明水稻BELL4同源基因OsBELL4A在水稻根系发育及逆境胁迫应答中可能具有重要的调控功能。     

水氮因子耦合对日光温室基质栽培番茄品质、产量及水氮利用率的影响

为探究日光温室基质栽培番茄适宜的水、氮管理模式,以STP-F318番茄为试材,磷、钾肥施用量固定,在生育期内设置3个滴灌水平(W1～W3分别为4 646.25 mm/hm~2、3 097.50 mm/hm~2、1 548.75 mm/hm~2)和6个氮肥梯度(F1～F6分别为572.42 kg/hm~2、542.30 kg/hm~2、512.17 kg/hm~2、482.04 kg/hm~2、451.91 kg/hm~2、0 kg/hm~2),以常规农户土栽水、氮管理(7 650.00 mm/hm~2、600.00 kg/hm~2)为对照(CK),探讨了水肥一体化条件下水氮耦合对日光温室基质栽培番茄的光合特性、品质和产量等影响。结果表明:适宜的水氮耦合能显著提高叶片SPAD值和净光合速率,其中SPAD值以W1F4处理最大,为44.83; W1F2处理净光合速率最大,为16.69μmol/s~2·m。同时,各处理显著改善番茄果实品质,Vc含量以W1F3处理最高,为30.46 mg/100 g FW,较CK增加17. 61%,与其他处理间差异显著。番茄红素含量与Vc含量变化趋势一致,为5. 21～7. 80mg/100 g FW。有机酸含量较CK有降低的趋势。W3F2、W1F1和W1F3处理糖酸比分别为8.25、8.26、8.85,口感较佳。产量以W1F2处理最高,为170 985.48 kg/hm~2,较CK增产27.73%。氮肥农学利用率(NAE)与水分利用率(WUE)分别以W1F4、W3F4处理为最高,为87.34%、96.64 kg/mm·hm~2。综合分析认为,水氮耦合利于改善番茄品质,提高番茄产量和水氮利用率,生育期内滴灌4 646.25 mm/hm~2、追施氮肥542.30 kg/hm~2是基质栽培番茄较为理想的水氮管理模式。     

早熟陆地棉主要性状配合力及杂种优势分析

【目的】筛选新疆自育的优良亲本及强优势杂交组合,为棉花新品种选育奠定基础。【方法】选用不同来源的早熟陆地棉亲本17个,按照6×11的NCⅡ设计组配不完全双列杂交,得到66个杂交组合,通过随机区组3次重复试验,分析F₁产量和纤维品质的杂种优势和配合力。【结果】17个亲本的一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)存在显著或极显著差异。产量和品质性状广义遗传力和狭义遗传力大多比较低,株高广义遗传力可达74.28%,狭义遗传力达51.5%,其次为衣分和马克隆值。供试组合中以籽棉产量竞争优势、中亲优势和超亲优势最高,平均值分别为5.49%、11.77%和8.97%;与产量密切相关的果枝数、衣分、衣指等性状在中亲优势和超亲优势中都呈明显的正向优势;在竞争优势中,以果枝数、籽棉产量、衣分、百粒重、衣指和马克隆值为正向优势。产量性状GCA高的亲本是B3(23-90),B4(42-34),A4(H1-4),A6(惠远1403),A9(新农早112);品质性状GCA高的亲本是B1(125-1),B3(23-90),A5(H7-143),A8(天云1133)。【结论】通过F₁代对株高、衣分和马克隆值等性状的亲本进行选择效果较好;籽棉产量的杂种优势最高;A1×B5(10-101×72-47),A3×B1(48-33×125-1),A4×B1(H1-4×125-1),A8×B1(天云1133×125-1)等组合具有较大利用潜力。     

从专业到通识:矫治艺术教育误区对策

实现促进大学生全面发展的培养目标,艺术教育无疑是不可或缺的重要环节。而艺术教育的专业化,不仅使艺术专业类学生的培养目标发生偏离,而且导致非艺术专业类学生望而却步。因此,全面加强和改进学校美育,发挥艺术教育在人才培养中的重要作用,必须矫治这一误区,推进艺术教育从专业走向通识。     

绵阳市后工业景观元素比较研究

指出了以三线建设文化为主题打造的跃进路历史文化街区和126文化创意园是绵阳市两处具有代表性的后工业景观。对跃进路历史文化街区和126文化创意园的建筑、植物、景观设施等景观元素进行了比较分析,结果发现:两处景观在满足市政服务和改善生态环境功能需求的同时,通过创意景观元素,实现了现代文明与三线建设文化的融合,得以三线建设文化为主题的后工业景观成为现代城市发展建设中传承城市文化精神:诠释城市文化形象、展现地域文化特色,改善人居生态环境的重要途径。     

基于多光谱遥感图像的青海湖流域土壤有机质估算初探

土壤有机质是土壤固相部分的重要组成成分,也是陆地表层重要的碳库,其含量的快速、准确测定关乎农牧业生产活动安排与地表过程研究中关键参数的获取效率。为了探寻适合青藏高原高寒地区土壤有机质遥感反演的响应波段及遥感模型,实现区域像元尺度上的土壤表层有机质估算,本文利用Landsat8-OLI多光谱遥感数据与实地采样数据对青海湖流域表层(0～20 cm)土壤进行了有机质含量反演研究。结果表明:Landsat8-OLI影像的第5、6和7波段是青海湖流域土壤有机质含量的特征波段,基于这3个波段构建的土壤有机质遥感反演三元回归模型(R~2=0.704,P0.001),经实测点验证(RMSE=8.66)与相关文献研究结果验证(RMSE=8.85),精度高、稳定性强、预测趋势平稳。本研究不仅为高寒地区土壤有机质含量快速测定提供了一定的技术支持,也为高寒地区的碳库计算、土壤肥力评价、土壤碳循环、农作物估产、草地退化监测等提供了参考。     

Machine learning methods for estimation the indicators of phosphogypsum influence in soil

Purpose

The full understanding of the effect of mineral waste-based fertilizer in soil is still unrelieved, because of the extreme complex chemical composition and plethora of their action pathways. The purposes of this paper is to quantify the input of PG into the soil ecosystem process, considering the direct effects of PG as a whole on soil environment using of a plethora of chemical, toxicological, and biological tests.

Materials and methods

Greenhouse experiment includes different PG doses (0, 1%, 3%, 7.5%, 15%, 25%, and 40%) and two-time collection points after treatments—7 and 28 days. For each treatment and each time collection point, we measure (i) soil pH, bioavailable (H₂0 and NH₄COOH-extractable) element content (S, P, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Sr, Ba, F); (ii) soil enzyme activities—dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase, FDA; (iii) soil CO₂ respiration activity with and without glucose addition; (iv) Eisenia fetida, Sinapis alba, and Avena sativa responses. Finally, we combine the ordinary chemical, toxicology, and biological measuring of soil properties with state-of-the-art mathematical analysis, namely (i) support vector machines (used for prediction), (ii) mutual information test (variable importance tasks), (iii) t-SNE and LLE algorithms (used for unsupervised classification).

Results and discussion

The results show similarity between the 0%, 1%, and 3% PG treatments in all collection times based on the toxicological and biological properties. Beyond 7.5% PG, some biological test was significantly inhibited in response to trace element stress. Among all tested parameters, soil urease activities, soil respiration activities after glucose addition, S. alba root lengths, and E. fetida survival rates show sensitivity to PG addition. Furthermore, the machine learning algorithms revealed that only several elements (mobile and water-soluble forms of Ca, Ba, Sr, S, and Na; water-soluble F) could be responsible to elevated soil toxicity for those indicators. SVR models were able to predict soil biological and ecotoxicity properties, and increasing numbers of randomly selected training examples from 50 to 90% of initial experimental data significantly improved model performance.

Conclusions

At this study, we demonstrate benefits of unsupervised machine learning methods for investigating toxicity of man-made substances in soil that can be further applied to risk assessments of various toxins, which are of significant interest to environmental protection.