Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorpyrifos in male and female cattle after topical administration

The aim of this work was to study the pharmacokinetic behaviour and the inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities of chlorpyrifos in male and female cattle after pour-on administration. Determination of cholinesterase activity in plasma and erythrocyte was carried out according to Ellman kinetic method. The mean baseline activities were 9338.39 ± 1331.61 and 13220.69 ± 2274.18 to acetylcholinesterase and 624.65 ± 39.32 and 641.68 ± 88.08 IU/L to butyrylcholinesterase in females and males, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase was the predominant form of cholinesterase analyzed, with low levels of butyrylcholinesterase. The basal acetylcholinesterase activities of the bulls were significantly greater than those of cows. The inhibitory effect of topical chlorpyrifos administration was lower on butyrylcholinesterase than on acetylcholinesterase. Chlorpyrifos peak plasma concentration (male:10.920 ± 4.18; female:12.12 ± 3.88 μg/L) were reached at 11.92 ± 9.19 and 8.17 ± 7.67 h in male and female, respectively. The values of area under curve were 185.96 ± 168.45 and 278.89 ± 270.00 μg·h/L and mean residence time were 13.95 ± 8.10 and 14.90 ± 9.80 h in male and female, respectively.     

金玉818青贮玉米接茬花溪芜菁甘蓝种植模式研究

为了提高土地复种指数,增加贵州省大方县农民收入,进行了金玉818青贮玉米接茬花溪芜菁甘蓝的种植模式研究。研究结果表明,该种植模式在大方县的种植效果较好,其纯收入可达到27517.50元/hm2。     

30株鸡大肠杆菌ESBLs基因型检测及耐药性分析

采用2倍稀释法检测30株鸡大肠杆菌对常见药物耐药性,用表型筛选和确证试验检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况,并分别用TEM、SHV和CTX-M等3种通用引物进行PCR扩增以确定其基因型.结果显示23株大肠杆菌为产ESBLs株,占76.7%.PCR扩增表明TEM、CTX-M、SHV阳性率分别为73.9%、43.5%和0%,有7株同时检测出TEM和CTX-M基因(占30.4%),3株未检测出TEM、CTX-M和SHV 3种基因(占13.0%).药敏试验结果显示产ESBLs大肠杆菌对药物的多重耐药性明显比非产酶大肠杆菌严重,产酶菌对氨苄西林和头孢噻呋的耐药率最高,为95.7%,对氨基糖苷类、恩诺沙星和复方新诺明的耐药率均高于78%,氨苄西林和三代头孢与酶抑制剂联用或2种不同种类的药物联用均能明显增强抗菌活性.以上结果表明河南省76.7%的临床分离鸡大肠杆菌为产ESBLs株,其基因型主要是TEM和CTX-M,尚无SHV型,β-内酰胺类与酶抑制剂联用或不同种类药物联用是防治鸡产酶大肠杆菌感染的有效措施之一.     

Herbage intake of dairy cows in mixed sequential grazing with breeding ewes as followers

This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that mixed sequential grazing of dairy cows and breeding ewes is beneficial. During the seasons of spring–summer 2013 and autumn–winter 2013–2014, 12 (spring–summer) and 16 (autumn–winter) Holstein Friesian cows and 24 gestating (spring–summer) and lactating (autumn–winter) Pelibuey ewes grazed on six (spring–summer) and nine (autumn–winter) paddocks of alfalfa and orchard grass mixed pastures. The treatments “single species cow grazing” (CowG) and “mixed sequential grazing with ewes as followers of cows” (MixG) were evaluated, under a completely randomized design with two replicates per paddock. Herbage mass on offer (HO) and residual herbage mass (RH) were estimated by cutting samples. The estimate of herbage intake (HI) of cows was based on the use of internal and external markers; the apparent HI of ewes was calculated as the difference between HO (RH of cows) and RH. Even though HO was higher in CowG, the HI of cows was higher in MixG during spring–summer and similar in both treatments during autumn–winter, implying that in MixG the effects on the cows HI of higher alfalfa proportion and herbage accumulation rate evolving from lower residual herbage mass in the previous cycle counteracted that of a higher HO in CowG. The HI of ewes was sufficient to enable satisfactory performance as breeding ewes. Thus, the benefits of mixed sequential grazing arose from higher herbage accumulation, positive changes in botanical composition, and the achievement of sheep production without negative effects on the herbage intake of cows.     

中国荷斯坦奶牛EEF1D基因的SNPs检测及其与产奶性状的关联分析

试验旨在研究中国荷斯坦奶牛真核生物翻译延伸因子1D（eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta,EEF1D）基因的多态性及其与产奶性状的相关性。利用Sequenom MassARRAY SNP分型技术对宁夏地区1 252头中国荷斯坦奶牛EEF1D基因的多态性进行了检测,并对其多态位点不同基因型和组合基因型与产奶性状进行了关联分析。结果显示,EEF1D基因的5'侧翼区存在2个SNPs位点,即EEF1D-1和EEF1D-3;经检测发现,EEF1D-1存在2种基因型,EEF1D-3存在3种基因型。χ²检验表明,中国荷斯坦奶牛在EEF1D-1位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P < 0.05）,在EEF1D-3位点未偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P > 0.05）;EEF1D-1和EEF1D-3位点多态信息含量（PIC）分别为0.10和0.28,分别呈现低度多态和中度多态。在试验群体中,EEF1D-1位点对乳脂率和乳蛋白率性状的效应均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,对305 d产奶量性状的效应达到显著水平（P<0.05）;EEF1D-3位点对305 d产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率性状的效应均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）;EEF1D基因的优势基因型组合GG-AG和GG-GG个体乳脂率均显著高于GG-AA组合个体（P<0.05）。说明EEF1D基因可以作为影响中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性状的候选基因用于标记辅助选择。     

间作行宽对玉米、高丹草青贮品质的影响

为探究间作行宽对玉米和高丹草青贮营养品质和发酵品质的影响,以玉米和高丹草宽行(6∶ 12)、中行(4∶8)和窄行(2∶4)种植模式下的材料为研究对象,以其单播为对照,在蜡熟期进行刈割及青贮发酵处理,青贮 60 d 后,测定其营养成分及发酵指标。结果表明：在宽行种植模式下,玉米青贮后中性洗涤纤维含量较对照降低了 5. 4%,泌乳净能提高了 2. 4%,高丹草青贮后粗蛋白含量较对照提高了 10. 8%,乙酸含量较对照提高了 480%;在中行种植模式下,玉米青贮后泌乳净能较对照降低了 1. 9%, 高丹草青贮后粗蛋白含量较对照提高了 7. 0%,泌乳净能较对照降低了 0. 8%;在窄行种植模式下,玉米青贮后可溶性糖含量较对照提高了 27. 6%,乳酸含量较对照提高了 49. 2%。高丹草青贮后干物质含量较对照降低了 1. 0%,泌乳净能较对照提高了 0. 8%。经灰色关联度综合分析表明,玉米在窄行种植模式下青贮品质最好,高丹草在中行种植模式下青贮品质最好。     

养猪场户对生猪良种补贴政策满意度影响因素分析

作为补贴对象和直接受益者,养猪场户对政策的满意程度直接影响到政策的实施情况及效果,同时也是政策进一步调整优化时需要考虑的重要因素。本文基于养猪场户的调研数据,通过构建Logit模型,分析影响养猪场户对生猪良种补贴政策满意度评价的主要因素,结果发现:从事养猪年限、对人工授精技术掌握程度、对供精单位技术服务满意度、对供精单位配送服务满意度、对生猪良种补贴政策了解程度等因素对养猪场户的满意度评价有显著影响。     

披碱草属野生种质材料在干旱与半干旱区适应性评价

应用灰色理论系统,以搜集自我国8省区的38份披碱草属植物野生种质材料为研究对象,对其株高、叶面积生长动态、草产量、茎叶比、鲜干比及种子产量进行灰色关联度分析.结果表明,株高从拔节期到抽穗期增幅较大,而叶面积从分蘖期到拔节期增幅较大;38份材料鲜草及干草产量差异较大,变异系数分别为39.275％和43.087％;大部分种质材料茎叶比在1.0～2.0之间;不同材料种子产量的变异系数较大;产量与各主要农艺性状的关联度大小顺序为:鲜干比＞种子产量＞茎叶比＞叶面积＞株高.综合分析发现,适应性较好的种质材料有NMC32、BJT37、QHD19、SXD36、XJD11、XJD15、XJS8、XJT2、XJE13和XJD5.     

一起猪群腹泻的紧急流行病学调查

2020年1月3日,某猪场部分生猪出现腹泻症状,3 d后达发病高峰,波及全场,并伴有部分生猪死亡,袭击率为60.66%,病死率为6.88%。为探寻病因,采取现场调查与实验室检测相结合的方式,对此次猪群腹泻进行了调查,综合推断此次暴发是由大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌引起的细菌性腹泻及由应激因素引起的应激性腹泻,饮入污水、断水应激、寒冷应激是导致本次猪群腹泻的主要原因。据此,提出了拌料饲喂抗生素、清洗消毒圈舍和饮水设施、强化饲养管理等干预措施,并有效控制了疫情。调查提示,加强饲养管理,减少寒冷、缺水引起的应激,保持清洁饮水,对预防猪群腹泻具有十分重要的意义。     

不同覆沙厚度下松嫩平原盐碱裸地上的种植效果

松嫩平原土地盐碱化严重限制了当地农牧业的可持续发展,覆沙并在覆沙层种植作物是盐碱化土地的有效利用途径.为此在松嫩平原盐碱裸地上进行不同厚度覆沙(10、20、30、40 cm),并连续2年分别种植玉米(Zea mays)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)及苜蓿(Medicago sativa)(第2年补播),探究不同厚度覆沙4种作物的种植效果.结果表明,覆沙后第1年种植4种作物均能生长,但长势较弱,第2年长势较强.覆沙40 cm玉米产量为5621 kg·hm?2,是覆沙10 cm的3.27倍(P<0.05),但与覆沙20、30 cm差异不显著(P>0.05).覆沙30 cm苜蓿的干草产量和根干重高于其他覆沙厚度,分别达8597和3367 kg·hm?2,且分别是覆沙10 cm的3.00倍(P<0.05)和1.29倍(P<0.05).覆沙40 cm向日葵和大麦籽粒产量显著高于覆沙10 cm,分别提高33.4％和269.5％,而覆沙20、30 cm与覆沙10 cm之间差异不显著(P>0.05).因此,覆沙后种植玉米和苜蓿分别推荐覆沙20 cm以上和覆沙30 cm;种植向日葵和大麦推荐覆沙40 cm.研究结果表明,盐碱裸地上覆沙可成功种植作物.