Determination of cobalamin in nutritive supplements and chlorella foods by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (CE-ICP-MS) method for the determination of cobalamin is described. Samples of cobalt-containing compounds were subjected to electrophoretic separation before injection into the microconcentric nebulizer (CEI-100) of ICP-MS. The Co-containing compounds studied include cyanocobalamin (CN-Cbl, vitamin B12), hydroxocobalamin (OH-Cbl), and Co(II). The species studied were well separated using a 70 cm lengthx75 microm i.d. fused silica capillary with the applied voltage set at +20 kV. A 25 mM Tris buffer (pH 9.0) containing 15 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as the electrophoretic buffer. The CE-ICP-MS detection limits were 0.3, 0.2, and 1.7 ng of Co mL(-1) for CN-Cbl, OH-Cbl, and Co(II), respectively. The concentrations of cobalamin compounds were determined in selected nutritive supplements and chlorella samples. A microwave-assisted extraction method was used for the extraction of these compounds. Over 92% of the total cobalt species was extracted using a 5% v/v HNO3 solution in a focused microwave field within a period of 10 min; spike recovery was in the range of 94-105% for various species. The major cobalt species in nutritive supplements and chlorella samples was cyanocobalamin.     

岱海表层沉积物中影响氨氮释放的模拟研究

以北方半干旱地区典型内陆封闭湖泊岱海为研究对象,采用室内模拟实验方法,开展了温度、pH、溶解氧及水生植物对湖泊沉积物中NH4^＋—N释放的影响研究。结果表明,温度升高,中性条件,厌氧条件均有利于NF4^＋-N的释放。狐尾藻对上覆水NH4^＋-N含量的有效控制作用是其抑制底泥释放、同化吸收作用和增强上覆水氧化条件等综合作用的结果,植物修复是控制湖泊富营养化水平的有效措施。     

新平冰糖橙果园营养水平与产量、品质状况系统分析

为全面了解云南省新平县冰糖橙果园营养与产量、品质水平现状,并为冰糖橙优质丰产栽培施肥技术提供理论依据,选择新平县主产冰糖橙乡镇22个典型果园,采集果实、春梢叶片和土壤等样品各105份,对果实内在品质指标和所有样品的矿质营养元素含量进行了系统检测分析,揭示新平冰糖橙产量、品质水平及其与营养状况的关系。结果表明,新平冰糖橙果园土壤大多为酸性红壤,pH值平均为5.73;土壤整体较为贫瘠,有机质缺乏占52%;土壤碱解N缺乏占96%,有效P、速效K含量缺乏和过量并存。叶片P、Zn、Mg含量普遍缺乏,其比例分别达95%、93%、60%,而叶片Cu、Mn、Fe和N含量过高,过量比例分别为93%、63%、51%和36%。新平冰糖橙果园整体产量低、品质较差,株产平均为23.1 kg,果实可食率为59.96%,可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)和Vc含量分别为10.13%、0.49%和40 mg·100 mL~(-1),有较大提升空间。每生产1 t冰糖橙果实所需的N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为2.63～3.15、0.88～1.05、4.38～5.25 kg。土壤、叶片养分含量与产量、品质指标的相关性分析表明,土壤碱解氮含量与产量显著正相关,与Vc含量极显著正相关;土壤速效钾含量与TSS含量极显著正相关;叶片N含量与TSS含量呈显著负相关;叶片Mg含量与TSS含量,叶片Ca含量与果皮厚度,叶片Zn含量与TSS、Vc含量均呈极显著正相关。综上所述,新平冰糖橙果实品质低、果园间差异大,土壤与树体养分波动性较大,叶片缺Zn而Cu过量普遍,部分果园缺Mg而N过量,多数果园为酸性红壤导致养分易流失而贫瘠。因此,施肥管理上建议适当增加施肥次数,缓效氮肥代替速效氮肥,重视有机肥深施,针对性施用中微肥,尤其是Mg和Zn营养补充,为新平冰糖橙提质增效施肥管理提供理论依据与技术支持。     

Separation and utilization of pectin lyase from commercial pectic enzyme via highly methoxylated cross-linked alcohol-insoluble solid chromatography for wine methanol reduction

The isolation and utilization of pectin lyase (PL) from commercial pectic enzyme for methanol reduction in wine production was investigated. PL can be separated from pectinesterase (PE) and polygalacturonase (PG) on HM-CL-AIS affinity chromatography at pH 4; however, it is difficult to further distinguish PE from PG. Some desirable physicochemical properties such as transmittance, lightness, redness, and lower total pectin content are found in the external enzyme adding groups (PL, PE and PG, and pectic enzyme groups) in comparison to the control group. Methanol contents in pectic enzyme and the PE and PG groups increase from 628 +/- 13 (control group) to 3103 +/- 16 and 1736 +/- 67 mg/L ethanol in the final products, respectively. Nevertheless, the adding of PL does not cause any increase in methanol content. The results present in this study suggest that the HM-CL-AIS column is a simple, inexpensive, convenient, and effective method for PL purification. Moreover, the partial purified PL is a potential replacement of commercial pectic enzyme for pectin depolymerizing, methanol content reducing, and wine quality improving in wine production.     

Strategies to promote healthier food purchases: a pilot supermarket intervention study

OBJECTIVE: To pilot the design and methodology for a large randomised controlled trial (RCT) of two interventions to promote healthier food purchasing: culturally appropriate nutrition education and price discounts. DESIGN: A 12-week, single-blind, pilot RCT. Effects on food purchases were measured using individualised electronic shopping data ('Shop 'N Go' system). Partial data were also collected on food expenditure at other (non-supermarket) retail outlets. SETTING: A supermarket in Wellington, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: Eligible customers were those who were the main household shoppers, shopped mainly at the participating store, and were registered to use the Shop 'N Go system. Ninety-seven supermarket customers (72% women; age 40 +/- 9.6 years, mean +/- standard deviation) were randomised to one of four intervention groups: price discounts, nutrition education, a combination of price discounts and nutrition education, or control (no intervention). RESULTS: There was a 98% follow-up rate of participants, with 85% of all reported supermarket purchases being captured via the electronic data collection system. The pilot did, however, demonstrate difficulty recruiting Maori, Pacific and low-income shoppers using the electronic register and mail-out. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study showed that electronic sales data capture is a viable way to measure effects of study interventions on food purchases in supermarkets, and points to the feasibility of conducting a large-scale RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of price discounts and nutrition education. Recruitment strategies will, however, need to be modified for the main trial in order to ensure inclusion of all ethnic and socio-economic groups.     

林地开垦对黄土区坡面土壤养分空间分布的影响

研究黄土高原侵蚀环境下林地开垦后坡面土壤养分空间分布状况,确立林地开垦后侵蚀驱动的坡地土壤养分空间变异特征。以黄土高原丘陵区子午岭林地和开垦28年的侵蚀坡面为研究对象,分析土壤主要性质和养分含量的变化情况,运用经典统计学和地统计法分析坡面土壤基本性质和养分空间分布规律。林地开垦后坡面土壤pH增加了0.24个单位,有机质、全氮、全磷和铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾分别降低了13.77,1.14,0.10 g/kg和6.05,1.63,4.99,58.44 mg/kg。林地的土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的变异系数大于开垦地,而pH和各速效养分的变异系数小于开垦地。开垦后中坡位和下坡位养分含量减少幅度较大,上坡位减少幅度较小。林地和开垦地的土壤各指标都呈中等或强烈的空间自相关。林地开垦增强了有机质、全氮、全磷、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间异质性,但减小了pH的空间异质性,地形等结构性因子主导了土壤养分空间异质性的形成。林地开垦后,pH、有机质、全氮和全磷变程增大,铵态氮、硝态氮和速效钾变程减小,速效磷在2个坡面上的变化趋势不一致。研究结果表明林地开垦极大地减少了坡面土壤养分含量,但减少幅度与坡位和坡面形态有关。同时,开垦增大了坡面土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的空间依赖性,减小了速效养分的空间依赖性。     

区域尺度侵蚀产沙估算方法研究

 区域土壤侵蚀模型是大区域土壤侵蚀普查和水土保持宏观决策的支持工具,土壤侵蚀模型的研发是土壤侵蚀学科的前沿领域。基于DEM将区域划分为规则网格,设计产流、产沙过程的单元模型,包括植被截留、入渗、填洼、流速、携沙能力、径流剥蚀量、泥沙沉积等算法。将月降水当作1次降雨事件,并划分若干时段进行迭代计算,利用GIS空间分析功能完成水沙汇集运算,并在ArcGIS支持下进行计算机程序设计,有效地完成了区域侵蚀产沙量的计算。将模型应用于延河流域得到:1995年7月份平均径流深为35.6mm,径流系数为0.237,流域出口径流量为2.72亿m3,流域出口输沙量为0.38亿t,流域平均侵蚀模数为4575t/(km2.月);输出图形空间格局和结构符合实际情况,初步模拟结果令人较满意。     

壮秧影响不同节氮水平下早稻产量及氮肥吸收利用

【目的】培育壮秧和施用分蘖肥是促进水稻早发的重要措施,但增施分蘖肥易导致水稻无效分蘖增加和氮素流失。研究双季稻区早稻壮秧和分蘖肥节氮条件下产量形成和氮素吸收利用特性,以期为早稻节氮控污和丰产栽培提供科学依据。【方法】以超级杂交早稻‘淦鑫203’为材料,采用壮苗育秧(状秧)和普通育秧(普秧)两种方式培育秧苗。于2014-2015年进行大田试验,设置壮秧常规施氮(VS+100%N)、节氮10%(VS–10%N)、节氮20%(VS–20%N)、节氮30%(VS–30%N) 4个处理,以普秧常规施氮(NS+100%N)处理和不施氮空白(NS+0N)处理分别作对照,共6个处理。减施的氮肥均在分蘖肥中扣除,除不施氮对照外,各处理基肥氮(72 kg/hm^2)和穗肥氮(54 kg/hm^2)均保持不变。分析早稻拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期SPAD值、光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性和各器官氮素含量,并测定成熟期水稻产量及其构成,明确了植株总氮积累量、氮素转运量、氮表观转运率、氮素利用效率等。【结果】与NS+100%N处理相比,壮秧条件下分蘖肥节氮10%~30%对叶片SPAD值和光合速率无显著影响,但壮秧能促进分蘖发生和成穗,在生育中后期可逐渐弥补分蘖肥节氮对分蘖期干物质积累的不利影响,成熟期VS–10%N和VS–20%N处理干物质积累量较对照NS+100%N增加,产量分别增加了8.5%和1.5%;VS–30%N处理干物质积累量和产量则呈下降趋势。同时,壮秧有利于提高早稻叶片硝酸还原酶活性、各器官氮含量和氮积累量,与NS+100%N处理相比,VS+100%N处理成熟期氮素积累量显著增加了6.9%,VS–10%N和VS–20%N处理无显著变化,VS–30%N处理显著下降了9.7%。壮秧处理氮素回收率和氮素农学效率较NS+100%N处理分别显著提高了12.1%~22.4%和9.9%~24.7%(P <0.05)。【结论】双季稻区早稻壮秧可以促进分蘖早发,提高叶片的干物质生产能力和氮代谢性能,弥补分蘖肥减氮后对水稻前期生长的不利影响,提高后期的干物质生产量和氮运转量。通过培育壮秧,分蘖肥减施总施氮量的20%以内,早稻产量不会下降,可实现水稻的节氮、丰产和节本栽培,有利于提高氮素利用效率和减少氮素流失对环境的污染。     

坡度对降雨径流挟沙能力影响的模拟试验

高陡边坡降雨径流侵蚀输移能力是一个重要的科学问题。通过室内模拟降雨试验研究相同雨强不同坡度和坡长条件下的降雨径流侵蚀输移规律。结果表明：(1)试验条件下,水深与水力坡度的1/3次方呈负相关,与坡长的3/5次方呈正相关,流速与水力坡度和水深呈幂函数增加;(2)相同雨强裸坡条件下,径流含沙量与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关,与坡长的4/5次方呈正相关。水流挟沙能力约与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关。(3)降雨径流的水流紊动扩散作用与重力作用的比值较明渠水流偏大,表明雨滴打击的紊动作用较明显,给出挟沙能力公式。与常用的河流泥沙挟沙能力公式比较,系数偏大,指数偏小。研究成果对深入分析降雨径流侵蚀输移的机制具有重要意义。     

果蔬类多孔介质干燥传质过程的分子动力学模拟

果蔬类多孔介质内部水中溶解有大量的营养物质（溶质）,在干燥过程中溶质的迁移与湿分的传递同时进行,其内部微孔内的干燥传质机理尚不明确。为了揭示果蔬类多孔介质干燥过程中内部溶液的迁移机理,确定果蔬微孔结构特性对干燥传质过程的影响规律。该研究采用分子动力学方法模拟研究了果蔬类多孔介质微孔道中的干燥传质过程,构建了光滑壁面溶液扩散过程模型与粗糙壁面溶液扩散过程模型。模拟过程采用SPC/E水分子模型,选取OPLS-AA全原子力场和正则系综,溶液势函数选用静电库伦相互作用与Lennard-Jones相互作用,中心水分子的初始速度由高斯分布给出,采用Velocity-Verlet算法,用SHAKE算法固定水分子,x、y方向施加周期性边界条件,z方向上施加固定壁面边界条件。从分子水平模拟分析了果蔬类多孔介质内部溶液的扩散过程,并以马铃薯的热风干燥试验结果进行模型的验证。得出试验值与KCl溶液粗糙壁面模型的模拟值最为接近,其最大相对误差为17.39%;与纯水模型的模拟值相差最大,说明溶质的存在对水分扩散系数的影响不可忽略,且粗糙壁面模型更接近于真实孔道结构。从径向分布函数分布可以看出K+、Cl-对水分子的氢键结构有破坏作用。K+、Cl-均存在两层水化层,H2O分子以O原子靠近K+,以H原子靠近Cl-。溶质浓度、孔道直径、壁面粗糙度因子和相面积分数均对孔隙中的水分扩散系数有重要影响。随着孔道内KCl溶液质量分数的增大,其水分扩散系数逐渐减小。孔道直径变大、粗糙壁面粗糙度因子减小和粗糙壁面相面积分数增大,均会导致干燥过程中水分扩散系数增大。研究结果为果蔬干燥品质及工艺优化分析提供了理论依据。