不同分层土壤对锌的吸附解吸特性

为探究重金属锌在不同分层土壤中的吸附解吸特性,了解锌在分层土壤中的迁移规律,试验通过批量平衡试验,分析了锌在4个分层土壤(耕作层、犁底层、心土层、母质层)中的吸附解吸行为。结果表明:各分层土壤对锌的吸附动力学过程包括快速吸附、慢速吸附、吸附平衡3个阶段,准二级动力学方程对吸附过程的拟合效果优于准一级动力学方程,Langmuir方程能更好的拟合4种分层黑土对锌的等温吸附过程,4种土壤分层对锌的吸附能力由大到小的顺序为耕作层、犁底层、心土层、母质层,是因为随着土壤深度的增加,土壤有机质质量分数逐渐减小,4种分层土壤对锌的吸附能力逐渐降低。吸附热力学试验表明,随着温度的升高,各分层土壤对锌的吸附量均逐渐增大,ΔG<0(ΔG为吉布斯自由能的变化),ΔH>0(ΔH是标准焓变),ΔS>0(ΔS是标准熵变)说明了4个分层土壤对锌的吸附过程为自发、吸热、无序的过程。Zn的解吸量与吸附量呈正比,最大解吸量随着剖面深度的增加而减小,且均存在滞后效应。N、P质量浓度的增加,可以提高土壤固定Zn的能力,减小Zn对土壤农作物、地下水的重金属危害。     

密度和缓控释肥对红花标记杂交棉鲁05H9生育进程及产量的影响

本试验以红花标记杂交棉鲁05H9为材料,研究不同密度条件下缓控释肥对其生育进程及产量的影响。结果表明:鲁05H9在不同处理条件下生育进程稳定,施缓控释肥四桃比例更为合理,伏桃和早秋桃所占比例较大;随着密度增大,总产量提高,群体铃数也增加,但单株铃数和平均铃重降低,密度对单株铃数的影响达到显著水平;与常规施肥相比,施缓控释肥可以提高平均铃重,同时影响产量及其构成因素;密度和施肥方式的交互作用对产量及其构成因素的影响未达到显著水平。在产量最高的4.2万株/hm2密度条件下,缓控释肥处理每公顷可以增收472元。因此,综合经济及环保效益,鲁05H9在黄河流域棉区可以结合较高密度和缓控释肥方式加以推广应用。     

Effect of urea supplementation on performance and safety in diets of Dorper crossbred sheep

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dietary urea in sheep rations having a 50:50 concentrate:roughage ratio. Sixty‐four Dorper × thin‐tailed Han crossbred ram lambs with an average body weight of 30.8 (±0.02) kg were randomly divided into four groups of 16 sheep each, and each group was fed one of the following diets: a basal diet (CON), or CON supplemented with 0.5% (0.5UTM), 1.5% (1.5UTM) or 2.5% (2.5UTM) urea. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, non‐carcass offals, meat quality and peptic tissue lesions were assayed. The average daily weight gains for CON, 0.5UTM, 1.5UTM and 2.5UTM were 216, 218, 200 and 170 g, respectively, with the CON and 0.5UTM groups higher than 2.5UTM group (p < 0.05). Sheep from the 2.5UTM treatment had a significantly lower dry matter intake (1.29 kg/day) than those from the CON and 0.5UTM treatments (1.42 and 1.43 kg/day, p < 0.05), and the feed conversion ratio in the 2.5UTM group was the highest (p < 0.05). Carcass characteristics, including shrunk body weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dress percentage, and the absolute or relative weight (% body weight) of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, were not altered by the treatments (p > 0.05). The muscular pH of 2.5UTM was higher than that of CON (5.68 vs. 5.52, p < 0.05), and shear force in 0.5UTM was lower compared with CON and 2.5UTM (p < 0.05). The anatomical structure lesions in kidneys became more serious with the increasing dietary urea concentrations, with the 2.5UTM animals showing the most severe lesions compared with CON animals. Therefore, supplementary urea as a non‐protein nitrogen source for sheep should not exceed 1.5% of ration having a 50:50 concentrate:roughage ratio to ensure efficacy and safety.     

不同耕作制对水田土壤有效硅的影响

人工模拟试验结果表明,耕型旱地红壤改为不同稻作制后有效硅下降,其顺序为冬油>冬绿>冬泡,淹水植稻期间是前期明显增加,到分蘖末期达峰值,孕穗至始穗期显著下降,以后缓慢继续降低,到黄熟期降到最低值;早、晚稻期间比较,晚稻期明显减少,而不同耕作制相比,则冬泡制高于冬种制,另外,施用有机肥能使有效硅提高,且随用量增加而加大。     

盐胁迫对刺槐不同组织及细胞离子吸收和分配的变化

该文从器官水平和细胞水平对盐胁迫后的刺槐苗离子含量进行分析 ,比较了不同组织膜透性和盐离子在刺槐组织及细胞中的分配特点 .研究表明 :随胁迫时间的延长 ,叶片细胞膜系统受到的伤害比根部细胞膜系统大 .根部的Na+含量较高 ,其分布量的顺序是根 >茎 >叶 ,叶片中盐离子含量较低 ,从而减少了盐胁迫对地上部的毒害 ;K+的含量则与Na+相反 ,其分布量的顺序为 :叶 >茎 >根 ,幼嫩的组织中分布较多 ,以保证植物正常的代谢活动 .刺槐根皮层细胞的液泡中积累Na+和Cl-的量远高于细胞质 ,说明刺槐的根皮层细胞对Na+和Cl-具有一定的区隔化作用 .刺槐叶肉细胞的细胞壁、细胞质和液泡中Na+和Cl-的含量没有明显差别 .测定结果表明 ,器官水平与细胞水平耐盐机制具有一致性     

A Novel and Reliable Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Lactoperoxidase Activity in Raw Milk

With 3, 3'5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) as the detection substrate, a reliable and highly selective method was established and optimized for the determination of Lactoperoxidase(LP) activity in raw milk. The method was based on the enzymatic reaction principle, where hydrogen peroxide oxidated TMB in the presence of LP. The optimized conditions of this assay system were obtained, consisting of 20 mmol · L~(-1) TMB solution, 0.6 mmol · L~(-1) hydrogen peroxide and 0.1 mol · L~(-1) Citric Acid(CA)/0.2 mol · L~(-1) disodium hydrogen phosphate(Na P) buffer(pH 4.8). TMB detection method was applied to the analysis of LP in milk samples with a practical working concentration range from 2 to 14 mg · L~(-1). The intra-and inter-batch variation coefficients were all below 5%, indicating a good repeatability. Confirmation test between TMB method and 2, 2-azinobi(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) diammonium salt(ABTS) method was carried out, and the results of TMB assay were in accordance with that of ABTS method.     

黄海北部中国对虾合理放流数量的讨论

在黄海北部放流虾的渔获量(y 百万尾)与放流数量(x 亿尾)之间有着统计学上可置信的关系,α=0.05,用 y=ax+bx~2描述,a=14.63,=0.45。最大放流量为16亿尾,最佳经济放流量为15亿尾(计数误差20%)。在目前条件下,我们认为控制放流量在11亿尾(计数准确率90%)是合理的。预测了前景,提出了可供选择的方案。     

我校植物生产类本科专业实践教学课程考核评价标准体系探索

建立我校植物生产类本科专业实践教学课程考核评价标准体系,介绍其使用方法和考核重点,并举例说明和分析。     

果园喷雾机自动对靶喷雾控制系统研制与试验

为提高农药利用率,减少环境污染,该文针对中国果园机械化作业条件差和传统果园喷雾机连续喷雾时存在果树间空隙无效喷雾的特点,设计了自动对靶喷雾控制系统,该系统以GY8履带自走式果园喷雾机为载体,采用传感器测距方式探测果树,实现自动对靶喷雾。通过对超声波、红外和激光3种传感器进行性能比较,及对超声波和激光2种传感器进行静态识别间距测试与分析,红外传感器受光强影响较大,超声波传感器识别间距超过800 mm,均不满足果园精确对靶喷雾控制要求,激光传感器静态识别间距只有20 mm,具有工作稳定、响应快速、方向性好等特点,故将激光传感器选为自动对靶喷雾机探测装置,并将激光传感器安装于喷头组件前方220 mm。采用连续3次检测靶标判别法设计了自动对靶喷雾系统,该系统可有效避免因激光光束较细而导致的将树冠内空洞、枝间间隙等误判为果树间空隙而出现的电磁阀频繁启闭动作。行驶速度为0.5 m/s时,自动对靶喷雾控制系统的动态靶标识别间距介于100~150 mm之间,行驶速度1.0 m/s时,动态靶标识别间距为200~250 mm。此外,该系统还具有提前及延后喷雾功能,自动对靶喷雾系统提前靶标95.0~157.5 mm距离开始喷雾,离开靶标100 mm距离停止喷雾,使喷雾完全覆盖整个树冠。与连续喷雾相比,对靶喷雾可有效节省施药量,对于空隙比为20.0%、35.2%、52.9%靶标行枣树,行驶速度为0.5 m/s时省药率分别达27.9%、53.7%、76.9%,行驶速度为1.0 m/s时省药率分别达27.3%、54.5%、81.0%。因此,该自动对靶喷雾系统对稀疏果园的精确对靶病虫害防治具有较好的实用价值。     

基于Silverlight的多层架构遥感影像查询系统

随着需求日益多样化、复杂化,传统的Web版遥感影像查询系统,存在用户交互能力弱,服务器响应速度慢,离线操作能力差等弱点,而且传统的查询系统没有与农作物监测很好结合。针对以上不足,该文结合Silverlight技术、LINQ技术、WCF技术,运用多层架构思想,针对轨道固定和变化的2种卫星,设计了2种遥感影像数据的快速查询算法,建立了一个适合农作物监测的基于Silverlight的遥感影像查询系统。实验结果表明,该算法提高了查询的执行效率和系统的响应速度,系统响应时间比传统系统缩短了25%。同时增强了系统的离线操作能力,减轻了服务器的压力,能够较好地应对大量用户并发访问。该系统在遥感影像快速查询和农情监测及农作物估产方面有较好的应用前景。