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101.
Fernando Haddad Rodrigo M. Saraiva Eduardo S. G. Mizubuti Reginaldo S. Romeiro Luiz A. Maffia 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,139(4):763-772
Organic coffee growing is rapidly increasing in Brazil, and many diseases, especially coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), are threatening its production. This study is a first step towards a biocontrol program for coffee rust on organically grown plants. In three organic coffee farms in the state of Minas Gerais, 393 microbial strains including 154 bacterial and 239 fungal strains were isolated from leaves, leaf debris, and soil samples, and in 6 month-old coffee plants, 17 of these isolates reduced both the infection frequency (IF) and the number of H. vastatrix urediniospores produced per leaf (UPL) by more than 70 %. The isolates were identified as eight bacteria isolates, seven Bacillus spp. and one Pseudomonas sp., and nine fungal isolates, four Fusarium spp., two Penicillium spp., one Aspergillus sp., one Acremonium sp. and one Cladosporium sp. Each fungal and bacterial isolate was applied 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 days before and 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 days after H. vastatrix inoculation, and the efficiency in reducing both IF and UPL was evaluated. The efficiency was higher and lasted longer when the bacterial isolates were applied before H. vastatrix inoculation. Six Bacillus (B10, B25, B143, B157, B171, B175), two Fusarium (F205, F281), and one Pseudomonas (B286) isolates are potentially efficient as biocontrol agents of H. vastatrix and will be tested using field experiments. 相似文献
102.
Luis MartínLuis F. Julio Jesus BurilloJesus Sanz Ana M. MainarAzucena González-Coloma 《Industrial Crops and Products》2011,34(3):1615-1621
A comparison between traditional extraction techniques (hydrodistillation and organic solvent extraction) and supercritical fluid extraction was made for two different populations and crops of Artemisia absinthium L., cultivated in the field and aeroponically. The composition of the extracts, volatile and non volatile oils, was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-DAD, respectively. The antifeedant and phytotoxic activity of the extracts was tested on insect pests (Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi) and plants (Lactuca sativa and Lolium perenne). The supercritical extracts exhibited stronger antifeedant effects than the traditional ones (up to 8 times more active) with moderate selective phytotoxic effects on L. perenne root growth (<50% inhibition). 相似文献
103.
Matthew P. Daugherty Joao R. S. Lopes Rodrigo P. P. Almeida 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,127(3):333-340
Differences in the virulence of a pathogen among host species can occur because hosts differ in their resistance or tolerance
to infection or because of underlying genetic variation in the pathogen. The xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is pathogenic to dozens of plant species throughout the Americas, and is structured into genetically and biologically distinct
strains. In some plants X. fastidiosa causes striking leaf scorch symptoms and in others, such as alfalfa, stunting is the primary symptom. The mechanism by which
these symptoms occur has been debated. We tested the hypothesis that symptoms result from X. fastidiosa-induced water stress, and that the magnitude of water stress is strain-dependent. We mechanically inoculated alfalfa plants
with one of 14 isolates (5 identified genetically as “almond” and 9 as “grape” isolates), and compared stable carbon isotope
ratios among isolates. Infected plants showed significant isotopic shifts (up to 2% on average) relative to healthy plants
that were consistent with water stress. Moreover, there were significant differences in water stress among isolates, with
a tendency for grape isolates to cause more severe water stress than almond isolates. There was also a positive relationship
between plant infection level and isotopic shift (slope ± SE = 0.273 ± 0.068), which supports the hypothesis that X. fastidiosa symptoms result from bacterial multiplication and vessel occlusion. Unexpectedly, however, water stress was not correlated
with measures of alfalfa stunting. These results suggest X. fastidiosa induces strain-specific levels of water stress, but factors other than water stress alone are responsible for stunting. 相似文献
104.
Tiago Natal-da-Luz Serena Tidona Bruno Jesus Paula V. Morais José P. Sousa 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(3):246-260
Background, aim, and scope Sewage sludge use in agriculture should be limited by the presence of metals and other persistent environmental pollutants.
The present study aims to contribute for the definition of a test battery of ecotoxicological assays that allows a proper
ecotoxicological characterization of sludges, providing information on their potential hazard and identified “safe” application
levels.
Materials and methods Three sludges from distinct sources (urban, olive-processing, and electroplating industries) were tested using avoidance and
reproduction tests with earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and springtails (Folsomia candida) and plant growth tests with turnips (Brassica rapa) and oats (Avena sativa). Different soil–sludge mixture concentrations mimicking recommended/realistic field dosages were tested.
Results Only the sludge from the electroplating industry induced an avoidance response from the earthworms (EC50 = 0.4 t/ha) and collembolans (no observed effect concentration (NOEC) = 15 t/ha). This sludge was the only sludge responsible
for any effect on the reproductive output of the earthworms (EC50 = 7.74 t/ha). Regarding collembolans, none of the sludges tested caused any significant decrease in reproduction. In higher
plant tests, the two industrial sludges were toxic, causing a decrease growth in both species. The EC20 values determined for B. rapa were 20.3 and 24.2 t/ha and for A. sativa 14.7 and 16.2 t/ha for sludges from olive-processing and electroplating industries, respectively.
Discussion The metal loadings of the different test sludges could partially explain the results obtained. The toxicity of the test sludge
from electroplating industry observed on the tested invertebrates and plants could be explained by the high amount of total
chromium from which 22.3% was in the most toxic oxidation state—Cr(VI). However, the toxicity caused by the sludge from the
olive-processing industry in the test plants could be attributed to the presence of other compounds (not measured in this
study) since the metal content was not high enough to induce such an effect. The absence of toxicity showed by the urban test
sludge was in agreement with its low levels of metals.
Conclusions The response of the different test organisms and end points varied according to the sludge type. The urban sludge was non-toxic
whereas the sludge from the electroplating industry caused a toxic effect on almost all parameters measured (avoidance behavior
of both test organisms, reproduction of earthworms, and growth of both plant species). Sludge from the olive-processing industry
only caused a toxic effect on growth of both plant species. By analyzing the sensitivity of the different parameters for the
most toxic sludge, it was found that avoidance and reproduction were more sensitive than plant growth, whereas plant seed
germination was not sensitive at all.
Recommendations and perspectives The ecotoxicological evaluation of wastes can be used as an environmental safety control of sludge use in agriculture. A tiered
approach could be adopted for this purpose, incorporating avoidance tests in the first tier (screening level) and reproduction
and plant growth tests in a second tier. But more evidence aiming to define the most suitable ecotoxicological test battery
for specific sludges with a different contamination profile is still needed. 相似文献
105.
Feliciano RP Shea MP Shanmuganayagam D Krueger CG Howell AB Reed JD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(18):4578-4585
The 4-(dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde (DMAC) assay is currently used to quantify proanthocyanidin (PAC) content in cranberry products. However, this method suffers from issues of accuracy and precision in the analysis and comparison of PAC levels across a broad range of cranberry products. Current use of procyanidin A2 as a standard leads to an underestimation of PACs content in certain cranberry products, especially those containing higher molecular weight PACs. To begin to address the issue of accuracy, a method for the production of a cranberry PAC standard, derived from an extraction of cranberry (c-PAC) press cake, was developed and evaluated. Use of the c-PAC standard to quantify PAC content in cranberry samples resulted in values that were 2.2 times higher than those determined by procyanidin A2. Increased accuracy is critical for estimating PAC content in relationship to research on authenticity, efficacy, and bioactivity, especially in designing clinical trials for determination of putative health benefits. 相似文献
106.
Joaquín R. Domínguez T. González P. Palo J. Sánchez-Martín M. A. Rodrigo C. Sáez 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(5):2685-2694
In this work, the electrochemical treatment of an effluent from the pharmaceutical industry with boron-doped diamond electrodes was investigated. The electrolyses were carried out in a discontinuous operation mode under galvanostatic conditions, using a bench-scale plant equipped with a single-compartment electrochemical flow cell. The effect of operating conditions, such as current density (from 25.7 to 179.4?mA?cm2) and flow rate (from 104.8 to 564.7?cm3?min?1), at residence times between 0 and 570?min, was studied. Design of experiments was used for optimizing the process. The global contribution of operative parameters and evolution of the residence time in TOC removal was studied, and a time of 77?min was obtained in order to evaluate the highest influence of the operative parameters. For this time, ANOVA test reported significance for four of the five involved variables. The current density was found to have a considerable positive effect on TOC removal, whereas the flow rate was found to have a moderate negative effect on target variable. 相似文献
107.
Soares RM de Souza SL Silveira LH Funada MR Richtzenhain LJ Gennari SM 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,180(3-4):344-348
We have studied the variability of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and small subunit ribosomal (SSU) rRNA coding genes of Giardia species in fecal samples isolated from wild and exotic animals in Brazil, and compared with homologous sequences of isolates from human and domestic animals characterized in previous studies. Cysts of Giardia duodenalis were obtained from feces of naturally infected monkeys (Alouatta fusca) (n=20), chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) (n=3), ostriches (Struthio camelus) (n=2) and jaguar (Panthera onca) (n=1). Assemblage AI was assigned to the unique isolate of jaguar. All the samples from monkeys, chinchillas, and ostriches were assigned to Assemblage B. There was little evolutionary divergence between the referred isolates and isolates described elsewhere. The Assemblage B isolates identified in this study were closely related to Assemblage BIV isolated from humans. The molecular identification of Assemblages A and B of G. duodenalis isolates from exotic and wild animals demonstrates that such hosts may be a potential reservoir for zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis. 相似文献
108.
Jesus Beltr��n-Heredia Jesus S��nchez-Mart��n Mercedes Jim��nez-Giles 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,222(1-4):53-64
Two tannin-based coagulants have been tested on anthraquinonic dye elimination from aqueous solutions. Acquapol S5T, derived from Acacia mearnsii de Wild, and Silvafloc, derived from Schinopsis balansae, were found to be excellent agents in the destabilization of Alizarin Violet 3R dye and its elimination through coagulation from textile effluents. Both coagulants showed that high affinity to the dye molecule in a wide pH range and q values reaches significant levels (up to 0.5 mg mg???1) with reasonable low coagulant doses. Dye?Ccoagulant system presented a consistent behavior if studied under the statistical perspective of a design of experiments, where initial dye concentration and coagulant dose were the operating variables. Finally, both coagulants seemed to follow a predictable theoretical model under the Langmuir hypothesis with an accurate adjusted r 2 coefficient above 0.9. 相似文献
109.
Jorge Mahía Serafin Jesus González-Prieto Angela Martín Erland Bååth Montserrat Díaz-Raviña 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(5):577-589
Atrazine is one of the most used herbicides worldwide; however, consequences of its long-term agricultural use are still unknown.
A laboratory study was performed to examine changes in microbial properties following ethylamino-15N-atrazine addition, at recommended agronomic dose, to five acidic soils from Galicia (NW Spain) showing different physico-chemical
characteristics, as well as atrazine application history. Net N mineralization was observed in all soils, with nitrate being
the predominant substance formed. The highest values were detected in soils with low atrazine application history. From 2%
to 23% of the atrazine-15N was found in the soil inorganic-N pool, the highest values being detected after 9 weeks in soils with longer atrazine application
history and lower indigenous soil N mineralization. The application of atrazine slightly reduced the amount of soil N mineralized
and microbial biomass at short term. Soluble carbohydrates and β-glucosidase and urease activity decreased with incubation
time, but were not significantly affected by the single application of atrazine. Microbial community structure changed as
consequence of both soil type and incubation time, but no changes in the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) pattern were detected
due to recent atrazine addition at normal doses. The saturated 17- to 20-carbon fatty acids had higher relative abundance
in soils with a longer atrazine history and fungal biomass, as indicated by the PLFA 18:2ω6,9, decreased with the incubation
time. The results suggested that the PLFA pattern and soil N dynamics can detect the long-term impact of repeated atrazine
application to agricultural soils. 相似文献
110.