Penetrative and dislodgeable residue characteristics of 14C-insecticides in apple fruit

Infinite- and finite-dose laboratory experiments were used to study the penetrative and dislodgeable residue characteristics of (14)C-insecticides in apple fruit. The differences in dislodgeable and penetrated residues of three radiolabeled insecticides ((14)C-thiamethoxam, (14)C-thiacloprid, and (14)C-indoxacarb), applied in aqueous solution with commercial formulations, were determined after water and methanol wash extractions. The rate of sorption and extent of penetration into the fruit cuticles and hypanthium of two apple cultivars were measured after 1, 6, and 24 h of treatment exposure, using radioactivity quantification methods. For all three compounds, 97% or more of the treatment solutions were found on the fruit surface as some form of non-sorbed residues. For indoxacarb, sorption into the epicuticle was rapid but desorption into the fruit hypanthium was delayed, indicative of a lipophilic penetration pathway. For the neonicotinoids, initial cuticular penetration was slower but with no such delay in desorption into the hypanthium.     

Comparison of fast gas chomatography-surface acoustic wave (FGC-SAW) detection and GC-MS for characterizing blueberry cultivars and maturity

A novel analytical method using fast gas chromatography-surface acoustic wave detection (FGC-SAW) was employed to rapidly characterize blueberry volatile profiles according to genotypes and fruit maturity. Fourteen FGC-SAW peaks were observed and 11 peaks were tentatively identified in the 15 s chromatogram. Peak identifications were confirmed by matching retention index values with similar values from GC-MS analyses of the same samples. Eighty peaks were observed in the 40 min GC-MS analysis of identical samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) score plots of FGC-SAW and GC-MS data both differentiated blueberries according to genotype, maturity stage, and harvest date even though FGC-SAW PCA's used far fewer peak area values. PCA plots clearly separated 'FL02-40', 'Snowchaser', 'Jewel', and 'Primadonna' blueberry cultivars into four quarters using two-dimensional PCA projections. FGC-SAW was also successful in differentiating three berry maturity stages in PCA score plots for both 'Jewel' and 'Primadonna' cultivars. FGC-SAW is an effective technique for rapid analysis of major blueberry volatiles, but could not determine many mid- and low-level volatiles as they were often coeluted with higher concentration volatiles.     

Influence of seed endophyte amounts on swainsonine concentrations in astragalus and oxytropis locoweeds

Locoism is a toxic syndrome of livestock caused by the ingestion of a subset of legumes known as locoweeds endemic to arid and semiarid regions of the western United States. Locoweeds contain the toxic alkaloid swainsonine, which is produced by the endophytic fungi Undifilum species. Two chemotypes of plants can coexist within toxic populations of locoweeds: chemotype 1 plants are defined as individuals containing swainsonine concentrations greater than 0.01% and quantitatively greater amounts of Undifilum, while chemotype 2 plants are defined as individuals containing less than 0.01% swainsonine and quantitatively smaller amounts of Undifilum. To elucidate the mechanisms that govern chemotypes, the amount of Undifilum in seeds/embryos was manipulated, thus altering subsequent swainsonine concentrations in three locoweed species: Astragalus mollissimus, Astragalus lentiginosus, and Oxytropis sericea. Chemotype 1 seeds that were fungicide-treated or had the seed coat removed resulted in plants with swainsonine concentrations comparable to those in chemotype 2 plants. Conversely, embryos from seeds of chemotypes 1 and 2 that were inoculated with the endophyte resulted in plants with swainsonine concentrations comparable to those of chemotype 1 plants. This reproducible interconversion between the two swainsonine chemotypes suggests that the quantity of endophyte present in the seed at the time of germination is a key determinant of the eventual chemotype. Additionally, this is the first report of the inoculation of locoweeds with the endophyte Undifilum species.     

Water Quality Gradients in the Northern Florida Everglades

The Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) developed as a system with waters low in nutrients. Today, the Refuge wetlands are impacted by inflows containing elevated nutrient concentrations originating from agricultural sources. We analyzed water quality sampled at 54 sites in the Refuge. The Refuge was divided into northern, central, and southern latitudinal areas and then perimeter, transition, and the interior zones based on distance from the canal towards the Refuge interior. In the perimeter zone, total dissolved solids (TDS), silicon (Si), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in water were higher in the northern than the central area and TDS, Si, SO₄, and TP concentrations in water were higher in the central than the southern area. In general TDS, Ca, Cl, Si, SO₄, and TP loads in the northern perimeter, transition, and interior zones decreased from 2005 to 2009. The decrease is less pronounced in the central and southern areas than the northern area. As water flowed southward for over 30?km from the northern to the southern area in the perimeter zone, most water quality parameters analyzed were reduced in the water column. However, large amounts of Ca and Cl were added to the water column indicating that canal water is continually diffusing and intruding into the Refuge in all zones. In the perimeter zone, and to a lesser degree in the transition zone, the Refuge has accumulated substantial amounts of Ca, Si, SO₄, and TP in vegetation and soils during the sampling period.     

Effect of amount and timing of subsurface drip irrigation on corn yield

A field study was conducted at North Platte, Nebraska in 2007–2009, imposing eight irrigation treatments, ranging from dryland to fully irrigated. Four of the eight treatments allowed for various degrees of water stress only after tasseling and silking. In 2007, corn yield ranged from 8.9 Mg ha^?1 with a season total of 41 mm of irrigation water to 11.5 Mg ha^?1 for the fully irrigated treatment (264 mm of irrigation water). The treatment with the greatest reduction in irrigation water after tasseling and silking (158 mm) had a mean yield of 10.9 Mg ha^?1, only 0.6 Mg ha^?1 less than the fully irrigated treatment. In 2009, yields ranged from 12.6 to 13.5 Mg ha^?1. There were no significant yield differences between the irrigation treatments for several possible reasons: more in-season precipitation and cooler weather required less irrigation water; much of the irrigation water was applied after the most water-stress sensitive stages of tasseling and silking; and lower atmospheric demand allowed for soil water contents well below 50 % management allowed depletion (MAD) not to cause any yield losses.     

Modeling biological rhythms in failure time data

Background  

The human body exhibits a variety of biological rhythms. There are patterns that correspond, among others, to the daily wake/sleep cycle, a yearly seasonal cycle and, in women, the menstrual cycle. Sine/cosine functions are often used to model biological patterns for continuous data, but this model is not appropriate for analysis of biological rhythms in failure time data.     

Yield losses due to missing plants in potato crops

Missing plants in potato crops can be caused by diseases and other factors, and can result from non-emergence or from plants incapacitated at any time during the growing season. Field experiments were conducted to simulate missing plants and to estimate the resulting yield losses by removing different percentages of plants at random from plots at emergence and/or later stages. The recorded yield losses were not proportional to the percentage of missing plants. Two surveys of fields of table stock and seed stock of the cultivar Netted Gem in New Brunswick in 1972 showed that approximately 25% of the plants were missing at emergence, probably causing around8% loss in total tuber yield. Assuming all cultivars have similar levels of misses, the yield loss clue to missing plants at emergence in New Brunswick in 1972 was equivalent to a financial loss of approximately $1 1/2 million.