纹杆轴流式玉米破糁装置

分析了玉米在破糁装置中的运动情况和轴向运动速度，实验研究了滚筒速度、纹杆数目及其上纹槽方向等对玉米破糁性能的影响，较佳参数为，滚筒转速９００￣１０００ｒ／ｍｉｎ（直径为３４０ｍｍ），纹杆数６，左旋４，右旋２。     

小水电机组宜选用低压发电机和异步发电机

在相同单机容量情况下，０．４ｋＶ的同步水轮发电机要比６．３ｋＶ的整机价格便宜３０％左右；同时，控制、励磁和电气设备也要减少投资３０％。所以单机容量等于和小于８００ｋＷ的机组，应优先选用０．４ｋＶ的同步水轮发电机组。在单机容量和电压相同的情况下，异步发电机要比同步发电机价廉２５％左右，发电成本低５０％～６０％，不存在并网误操作问题，电机效率还可以提高３％左右。     

铁法预处理糖蜜酒精废液沼气发酵工艺的研究

本研究采用法法预处理糖蜜精废液，并将其进行厌氧发酵试验，试验的厌氧罐容积为１３Ｌ，预处理容积为１．３Ｌ结果表明：经铁法预处理后的糖蜜酒精度液能够稳定地用于沼气发酵，而且所产沼气的Ｈ２Ｓ含量大减少。     

Assessing grain crop water productivity of China using a hydro-model-coupled-statistics approach: Part I: Method development and validation

Identifying and quantifying the links between water resources and food production is crucial in addressing the intensified conflicts between water scarcity and food security. We proposed an integrated framework for quantifying relationships between food and water based on the concept of green water (GW), blue water (BW) and crop water productivity (CWP). An estimation method coupling hydrologic model and crop and water statistics was developed and validated to quantify basin-scale GW, BW and CWP in breadbasket basins of China. A basin-scale GW and BW assessment method was developed by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Monthly-step calibration and validation were performed at 15 discharge flow stations in seven first-order river basins of the country. The coefficient of determination (r²) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) in calibration stage ranged from 0.18 to 0.95, and −4.22 to 0.93, respectively; while in validation period, r² ranged from 0.02 to 0.97 and NSE ranged from −266.7 to 0.96. The simulated available soil water was validated against the observed soil moisture data, and the results showed that the model can reflect the yearly average values of soil water storage. Overall, the modeling performance for river basins with 4.94 million km² of drainage areas in total was acceptable. The simulated hydrologic components were then coupled with crop-and-water-statistics-based estimation method for assessing basin-scale CWP on four staple grain crops, i.e. rice, wheat, maize, and soybean. The results were validated by comparing with the similar investigations in China and around the globe. It was concluded that the overall performance of the estimation method was acceptable, and the method can be applied in assessing basin-scale GW, BW and CWP in China.     

Empirical assessment of water management institutions in northern China

We examine the development of irrigation management in northern China using data from village and household panels. During the past decade, reform-oriented institutions, such as water user associations and contracting, have largely replaced the traditional institution of collective management in village-level irrigation systems. A feature unique to China is that water user associations and contractors are provided with monetary incentives to save water. Water user associations have not yet achieved the broad-based participation of farmers that some advocates consider as a primary goal for forming the associations. Many village leaders serve also as the leaders of water user associations, thus possibly reducing opportunities for receiving operational input and policy direction from farmers. However, we observe improved performance of irrigation systems managed by water user associations, relative to collective management, in terms of maintenance expenditures, the timeliness of water deliveries, and the rates of fee collection. Performance has improved also in systems managed by contractors, although not as substantially as in the case of water user associations.     

可重构机床模块划分研究

综合考虑重构需求、结构功能和生命周期的影响,使用柔性模块划分方法对可重构机床模块划分进行了研究.采用层次分析法对影响模块形成的因素进行了权重分配,得到了机床零件之间的交互值并形成了相关矩阵,使用模糊聚类法对相关矩阵进行操作;考虑到可重构机床的特殊性,对其控制系统也进行了模块划分,最后得到了可重构机床模块划分的总体方案.     

基于大涡模拟的水轮机内瞬态湍流场特性分析

基于三维瞬态N-S方程,采用大涡模拟方法中的Smargorinsky模型,应用模拟动静干扰效果较好的滑移网格技术,以标准k-ε模型稳态计算的结果作为初始条件,对某混流式水轮机全流道进行了的三维瞬态湍流数值模拟.用Fluent 6.3,采用非结构化的混合网格和压力速度耦合的PISO算法,成功地模拟了水轮机在运行中的各种瞬态细节过程,如涡旋的卷起、增长、合并、破碎和脱落.模拟结果给出了偏工况下水轮机导水机构和转轮流道内大尺度涡结构的瞬态发展演变过程.计算结果表明大涡模拟方法能较好地模拟水轮机内水流的瞬态流动特性和瞬时涡的发展演化过程,该方法可为探索研究水力机械复杂流道湍流运动状态下涡旋的形成机理提供有价值的参考.     

基于APDL参数化建模的轴系可靠性

运用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS提供的PDS模块,以泵轴的几何尺寸、载荷、应力、弹性模量以及强度极限等参数作为随机输入变量,根据应力-强度干涉理论,建立极限状态函数;通过APDL参数化设计语言,建立泵轴参数化三维实体模型,根据实际受载情况,对泵轴进行静应力分析,生成概率分析文件,选用蒙特卡罗有限元方法和拉丁抽样法对泵轴进行可靠度设计,得到比传统设计方法精度高、易于实现的泵轴失效概率及可靠度.以HS1K型碱泵的泵轴为例进行计算,获得了碱泵的应力概率分布特征,在置信度为95%时,该泵的可靠度为99.75%.实践表明,利用ANSYS/PDS模块对泵轴进行可靠性分析,能为生产厂家改进设计提供理论依据,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

基于压力反馈的甘蔗收割机台架液压升降系统仿真

根据我国南方地势起伏不平以及甘蔗茂密、蔗叶交错的甘蔗收割环境,提出了一种基于压力反馈的甘蔗收割机台架液压自动升降系统.为此,介绍了该控制系统的工作原理和信号的处理方法,应用AMEsim软件进行建模与仿真分析.仿真结果表明,通过采用压力反馈的方式,液压升降系统能够根据负载的变化自动控制台架升降,从而保证刀盘始终能够紧贴地面进行收割,从而实现提高甘蔗收割机收割质量的目的.     

纤维素酶协同超声波辅助提取苦瓜多糖工艺优化

为了得到纤维素酶协同超声波法提取苦瓜多糖的最佳工艺条件,利用Box-Behnken的中心组合设计及响应面法(RSM)探讨了超声波功率、酶量、料液比、时间、pH值和温度等因素的优化组合,通过建立二次回归模型,确定其最佳提取工艺条件为:超声波功率390 W、纤维素酶量3 500 U/g(酶活200 U/mg以上)、料液比1:38、时间40 min、pH值5、温度56℃.在此工艺条件下,苦瓜多糖的提取率为21.1%,比热水浸提法、超声波法、纤维素酶法分别提高了7.8%、13.5%、7.7%.结果表明纤维素酶协同超声波法是提高苦瓜多糖得率的有效途径之一.