Structural and metabolic integrity of sheep external intercostal muscle during extended culture

The objectives of this study were to examine the structural and metabolic integrity of isolated sheep external intercostal muscle bundles following variable lengths of preincubation (0 to 192 h). Samples of intact external intercostal muscle (10 to 15 g), with tendons attached, were prepared from growing wethers and maintained at their resting lengths during preincubation for 0 to 192 h. Protein synthesis (PS), protein degradation (PD), acetate oxidation and ultrastructural integrity of muscle samples were examined at 0 to 192 h, 0 to 96 h, 0 to 48 h and 0 to 96 h following isolation, respectively. Additionally, the effects of variable fetal calf serum (FCS) concentrations (0 to 20%; w/v) on PS and PD and acetate oxidation were examined. Rate of PS increased as preincubation time increased to 192 h; however, most of this increase was due to the proliferation of fibroblasts on the surface of the muscle sample. Addition of cytosine arabinoside to the incubation media prevented the fibroblast-dependent increase in PS; however, it did not entirely prevent the preincubation time-dependent increase in PS. Rate of PD increased greatly upon preincubation. The nitrogen balance of incubated muscles was negative at all times examined. Acetate oxidation was maintained through 12 h of preincubation and thereafter declined. Relatively normal myofibrillar structure was maintained through 48 h of preincubation; however, loss of mitochondrial integrity and dissolution of Z-disks at 48 h and at 96 h of preincubation were evident. Isolated tissues were able to respond to FCS concentration in medium following 48 h of preincubation.     

草原的生态系统服务:Ⅲ.价值和意义

连续综述了中国草原／草地生态系统服务价值的构成,草地生态系统服务的总价值,各类型草地的生态系统服务的价值。论证了草原／草地为中国提供了最大的生态系统服务价值,草地生态系统服务的生态价值远大于经济价值。论述了草地生态系统服务价值评估具有下列重要意义：1．指明了草地生态系统服务的具体项目及其不可代替性;2．确定了草地生态资本的价值;3．促进了环境成本核算和实现绿色GDP。文章在最后还讨论了草原／草地生态系统服务价值评估中存在的问题。     

新世纪重庆蚕丝业发展问题与对策

重庆蚕丝业在 2 0世纪 80年代末期至 90年代中期居全国第四位 ,不仅是重庆出口创汇的重要支柱 ,也是财政和蚕农收入的重要来源。我国“入世”后 ,蚕丝业是重要的受益行业 ,面临巨大的市场需求与发展空间。根据中央西部大开发战略 ,结合我国丝绸产业结构调整、东桑西移的历史机遇和重庆得天独厚的茧丝绸资源 ,就新世纪重庆蚕丝业发展存在的问题和应采取的措施谈几点意见。1　重庆蚕丝业的发展现状及问题1 .1　现状在重庆 40个区县 (市 )行政区划中 ,有养蚕的区县 (市 ) 35个 ,蚕种场 2 7个 ,蚕种冷库6座 ,年制种能力 1 30余万张、年冷藏能力2…     

不同蛋能比对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长、饲料转化、血清指标和体组成的影响

导读：虾料配制时首先考虑的因子。 前言 凡纳滨对虾原产于美洲中南部的太平洋沿岸,我国于1988年引进,由于该虾生长快、适应性强、食性广、价格高、抗病力强等优点,迅速成为主要养殖品种。当前,饲料成本占总养殖成本的50～60％,而蛋白水平又是影响生长性能和饲料成本的主要因素。那么怎样才能降低饲料成本呢？通过优化蛋白能量和非蛋白能量在饲料中的比例,可以达到这一目的。如果蛋白相对于能量过量,那么,     

Characterization of culture supernatant proteins from Brucella abortus and its protection effects against murine brucellosis

In this study, we characterized the secreted proteins of Brucella abortus into the enriched media under the bacterial laboratory growth condition and investigated the pathogenic importance of culture supernatant (CS) proteins to B. abortus infection. CS proteins from stationary phase were concentrated and analyzed using 2D electrophoresis. In MALDI TOF/TOF analysis, more than 27 proteins including CuZn SOD, Dps, Tat, OMPs, Adh, LivF, Tuf, SucC, GroEL and DnaK were identified. Cytotoxic effects of CS proteins were found to increase in a dose-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells. Upon B. abortus challenge into phagocytes, however, CS proteins pre-treated cells exhibited lower bacterial uptake and intracellular replication compared to untreated cells. Immunization with CS proteins induced a strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses and exhibited significant higher degree of protection against virulence of B. abortus infection compared to mice immunized with Brucella broth protein (BBP). Taken together, these results indicate that B. abortus secreted a number of soluble immunogenic proteins under laboratory culture condition, which can promote antibody production resulted in enhancing host defense against to subsequently bacterial infection. Moreover, further analysis of CS proteins may help to understand the pathogenic mechanism of B. abortus infection and host–pathogen interaction.     

Ontogeny of the stomach in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco): detection and quantifictation of pepsinogen and H+/K+‐ATPase gene expression

Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is an important commercial species with high aquaculture potential in China. To better understand the process of digestive functioning of gastric gland development during the larval from 1 dph (day post‐hatching) to 30 dph, real‐time PCR was used to detect and quantify the pepsinogen and H⁺/K⁺‐ATPase gene expression in P. fulvidraco. These data were also compared with the adult situation. The results showed that the expression of pepsinogen and H⁺/K⁺‐ATPase genes in P. fulvidraco larvae both started at 1 dph, though the expression level was very low until 3 dph. The quantification of pepsinogen gene expression increased significantly from 4 to 8 dph, increased fluctuantly from 8 to 23 dph and rose sharply from 23 to 30 dph. In comparison with adult fish, there were no significant differences with larvae at 5 and 23 dph. However, data of 10 and 30 dph larvae were obviously higher than those of adult group. H⁺/K⁺‐ATPase gene expression increased linearly from 1 to 30 dph. However, it was significantly lower than that of adult. The results show that P. fulvidraco larvae have an earlier functional stomach, though the function of the stomach is still not perfect. There is a gradual acidification environment within the stomach during the P. fulvidraco larvae development. Based on these results, we suggest that the weaning time for P. fulvidraco larvae would be much better after 23 dph.     

低蛋白质饲粮中添加蛋氨酸对育成期蓝狐生长性能和营养物质消化代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮中添加蛋氨酸对育成期蓝狐生长性能、营养物质消化代谢的影响。选用平均体重为(2.21±0.60)kg的9周龄健康雄性蓝狐105只,随机分为7组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只。6个试验组分别饲喂在蛋白质水平为30%的基础饲粮(低蛋白质饲粮)中添加0(Ⅰ组)、0.2%(Ⅱ组)、0.4%(Ⅲ组)、0.6%(Ⅳ组)、0.8%(Ⅴ组)和1.0%(Ⅵ组)蛋氨酸的试验试粮。对照组(Ⅶ组)饲喂蛋白质水平为32%的基础饲粮(适宜蛋白质饲粮)。预试期7 d,正试期45 d。结果表明:Ⅴ组与Ⅵ组的末重(第45天体重)极显著高于其他试验组(P<0.01),并与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。第16~30天的平均日增重,Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组、Ⅵ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),并与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);第31~45天的平均日增重,Ⅴ组、Ⅵ组极显著高于其他试验组(P<0.01),且Ⅴ组还显著高于Ⅵ组和对照组(P<0.05)。Ⅴ组、Ⅵ组的干物质排出量极显著低于其他试验组(P<0.01),并与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅴ组的干物质消化率显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组(P<0.05),并与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅴ组、Ⅵ组的蛋白质消化率显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),并与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅰ组的脂肪消化率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),其他各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。Ⅴ组和Ⅵ组的胱氨酸排出量极显著低于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和对照组(P<0.01);Ⅵ组的胱氨酸消化率极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01),对照组的胱氨酸消化率与Ⅴ组无显著差异(P>0.05);随着蛋氨酸添加水平的提高,蓝狐的蛋氨酸消化率相应增高,Ⅵ组显著或极显著高于其他各组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅴ组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。Ⅳ组的总氮排出量显著低于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),其他各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);Ⅴ组的氮沉积极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01),其他各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);Ⅰ组的净蛋白质利用率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),其他各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合本试验的各项测定指标,在蛋白质水平为30%的低蛋白质饲粮中添加0.8%的蛋氨酸即饲粮中蛋氨酸水平为1.14%时能够满足育成期蓝狐对蛋氨酸的需要量,此时蓝狐的生长性能、蛋白质消化率和氮沉积较为理想。     

北京鸭和樱桃谷鸭填饲条件下脂肪沉积性能比较

试验对相同方式填饲的北京鸭和樱桃谷鸭的脂肪沉积性能进行了比较,结果表明填饲北京鸭的腹脂重极显著大于填饲樱桃谷鸭(P<0.01),皮脂厚和皮脂重略大于樱桃谷鸭,差异不显著。填饲北京鸭的皮脂率、腹脂率均大于樱桃谷鸭达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。填饲条件下,北京鸭的胸肉粗脂肪、总脂肪酸百分含量均高于樱桃谷鸭,差异不显著;北京鸭的脂肪酸C22∶0的百分含量高于樱桃谷鸭达到极显著水平(P<0.01),不饱和脂肪酸C14∶1、C24∶1 C22∶6的百分含量北京鸭显著高于樱桃谷鸭(P<0.05);其余各类脂肪酸含量两品种间差异不显著。     

南瓜冰淇淋的制作技术

利用新鲜南瓜为原料,经处理后加入到冰淇淋配料中。结果表明,当南瓜、奶粉、人造奶油、鸡蛋、白砂糖、乳化稳定剂、香兰素添加量分别为10%、10%、4%、5%、13%、0.8%、0.1%时,所得到的冰淇淋风味独特,营养价值高,膨胀率和感官指标较好。     

湛江地区小尾寒羊生产性能分析与评价

通过对引入湛江地区小尾寒羊生长性能、繁殖性能的测定、统计以及与原产地进行对比、分析与评价,研究了小尾寒羊在湛江地区的适应性。试验分别测定小尾寒羊初生、2～3月龄、6～7月龄、周岁和成年的平均体重;2～3月龄、6～7月龄、周岁的平均日增重及小尾寒羊的产仔记录,并与原产地进行比较。结果表明,引入湛江地区的小尾寒羊在生产性能的各项指标上都体现出对当地环境具有一定的适应能力,但是同原产地相比,还存在着一定的差距。因此,在经过遗传选育、风土驯化的同时,还应加强饲养管理水平,以提高小尾寒羊在湛江地区的适应性及生产性能。