Dynamics of apoptosis-related gene expression during follicular development in yak

The potential reproduction power of domestic animals is limited by a complicated follicular atresia process. P53, caspase-9 (Casp9), Bax, Bcl-2 and Fas play a crucial role in the ovarian mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis and death receptor pathway. In accordance with this study, the expression levels of Casp9, Bax, Bcl-2 and Fas were analysed in ovaries and oviducts of yak by immunohistochemistry (IHC). P53 and the above in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) from atretic (3–6 mm) to healthy follicles (6–8 mm) and in oviducts were examined from the luteal phase to the follicular phase during the oestrous circle by Western blot (WB) and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Results demonstrated that typical classic apoptotic factors Casp9, Bax, Bcl-2 and Fas were expressed in the cytoplasm and zonal pellucida of oocytes, primordial follicles, primary follicles, ovarian surface epithelium, ovarian GCs, granular lutein cells, surface epithelia in oviduct uterotubal junction and oviduct ampulla during the luteal phase. RT-PCR and WB revealed that P53 and Fas significantly increased in GCs of atretic follicles. P53 and Casp9 increased in oviduct epithelium during the luteal phase, but Fas was unchanged. A contrary tendency was noted in Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Overall, P53 and Fas play an essential role in inducing GC apoptosis, and Bax, Bcl-2, Casp9 and P53 are involved in oviduct epithelial regeneration in yak.     

西番莲多糖提取物对猪圆环病毒2型感染RAW264.7细胞氧化应激的影响

为研究西番莲多糖提取物（Passiflora edulis polysaccharide extract,PEPE）对猪圆环病毒2型（Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2）感染RAW264.7细胞氧化应激相关因子的影响,本试验探讨了PEPE对氧化应激的调节作用。在96孔细胞培养板中每孔加入100 μL浓度为1×10⁶个/mL的RAW264.7细胞,分别设细胞对照组、PEPE组（25、50、100、200、400、800和1 600 μg/mL）,分别于培养箱培养24和48 h,用MTT法检测细胞活性,筛选PEPE的药物安全浓度范围。试验分为以下6个组：细胞对照组、病毒组、PEPE高（400 μg/mL）、中（200 μg/mL）、低（100 μg/mL）剂量组及维生素C组,其中细胞对照组加入含10% FBS的DMEM培养液,其余组加入PCV2病毒液,孵育2 h后在PEPE组加入对应浓度的PEPE溶液,VC组加入配制好的VC溶液,细胞对照组和病毒组加入含10% FBS的DMEM培养液,培养48 h,同样用MTT法检测细胞活性,以研究PEPE对PCV2感染RAW264.7细胞活性的影响。按照上述6个试验组分组,处理同上,将细胞培养12 h,收集样品用于检测氧化应激相关因子水平。用Griess法和DCFH-DA荧光探针分别检测RAW264.7细胞上清中NO含量和细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平、OPT荧光法检测细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量,化学发光法检测细胞内黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活力。结果显示,PEPE对RAW264.7细胞的安全浓度范围为25~400 μg/mL。PCV2感染RAW264.7细胞后,细胞活性显著降低（P<0.05）,而不同浓度PEPE处理组均能提高细胞活性。RAW264.7细胞被PCV2感染后,细胞分泌NO、ROS水平,GSSG含量及XOD、MPO和iNOS活性显著升高（P<0.05）,感染细胞GSH含量显著降低（P<0.05）;PEPE作用于PCV2感染的RAW264.7细胞,显著降低感染细胞NO、ROS水平、GSSG含量及XOD、MPO和iNOS活性（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL PEPE处理组细胞GSH水平显著升高（P<0.05）。本试验结果表明,PEPE能提高PCV2感染RAW264.7细胞的抗氧化能力,有利于缓解病毒感染所致氧化应激。     

石河子地区某规模化奶牛场肺炎克雷伯菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了阐明引起石河子地区某规模化奶牛场犊牛呼吸道症状的主要细菌性病原体及其生物学特性,本研究采集2~6月龄犊牛鼻拭子与肛拭子各39份,通过细菌分离培养、形态学观察、生化分析、PCR扩增16S rRNA基因和溶血酵素（khe）基因、药敏试验和小鼠致病性试验等方法对分离菌株的生物学特性进行分析。结果显示,分离菌株中有3株在MIAC平板上形成紫红色带有沉淀环的菌落（鼻拭子1株,肛拭子2株）,且镜检为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,疑为肺炎克雷伯菌。全自动微生物分析系统显示,分离株与肺炎克雷伯菌相似性均为96%;PCR扩增16S rRNA基因测序结果显示,分离株与GenBank数据库中肺炎克雷伯菌核苷酸相似性在96.5%~99.8%之间,肺炎克雷伯菌特异性基因khe阳性且相似性达99%以上;药敏结果显示,分离菌株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、一代和二代氨基糖苷类、四环素类、一代大环内酯类、磺胺类、多烯类、林可酰胺类抗菌药呈现出不同程度的耐药;对三代氨基糖苷类、二代大环内酯类、氯霉素类、多肽类、喹诺酮类抗菌药敏感,且呈现不同程度的多重耐药性;致病性试验结果表明,分离菌株均可不同程度导致小鼠死亡且以鼻拭子分离株致病性较强。本研究成功分离鉴定石河子地区规模化奶牛场引起犊牛呼吸道症状的肺炎克雷伯菌3株,并阐明分离菌的部分生物学特性,为新疆地区牛源肺炎克雷伯菌病的检测、诊断及临床治疗提供技术支撑。     

四川省果桑产业的现状与发展建议

四川是全国蚕桑产业的重点省份,果桑产业是近几年蚕桑产业多元化拓展出的新兴产业,目前已形成一定规模并呈现良好的发展态势.为了更好地推动四川省的果桑产业高质量发展,本文在分析四川省果桑产业的现状和优势的基础上,指出了产业发展面临的困难与问题,提出了打造果桑产业强省的各项政策措施与技术路径.     

Effects of oral administration of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on serum immunity indexes,colonic immune factors,fecal odor,and fecal flora in mice

To evaluate the effects of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on growth, immunity indexes, fecal flora, and fecal odor in mice, 40 mice were randomly allotted to four groups, and each was administrated with nothing, S. platensis, probiotics, or both for 28 days, respectively. Then, many indexes were measured. The results showed that S. platensis was more effective (P < 0.001) than probiotics in improving mice's feed conversion ration (FCR). In immunity, probiotics administration increased (P < 0.042) serum IgE, IgM, IFN-γ, colonic AHR, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression and decreased (P < 0.039) serum IL-1α, IL-21, IL-22, and colonic ARNT gene expression. However, the S. platensis showed weaker effect, which increased (P < 0.025) the serum IgE, IgM, TNF-α, and the colonic AHR and NF-κB protein expression, and decreased (P < 0.01) serum IL-21. Probiotics consumption decreased the fecal odor by decreasing (P < 0.02) fecal Escherichia coli, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and skatole contents, and the S. platensis decreased (P = 0.04) the IAA. These results indicated that oral administration of probiotics, S. platensis, or both of them in mice probably benefited body's immunity and reduced fecal odor. However, their mechanisms were still unclear and need further study.     

Whistle signal variations among three Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin populations in the South China Sea: a combined effect of the Qiongzhou Strait's geographical barrier function and local ambient noise?

Geographic variations in the dolphin whistles could be useful in assessing association and isolation among populations. Whistle of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) among the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), Leizhou Bei (LZB) and Sanniang Bay (SNB) populations were investigated. A total of 2850 whistles with legible fundamental contour were extracted and 15 acoustic parameters were measured. Contrary to SNB, PRE and LZB had the same relative proportion of tonal type compositions with flat and sine representing the most frequent types. The generalized linear model analysis showed significant acoustic difference among populations and tonal types. All frequency parameters in SNB were significantly higher than those in PRE and LZB, where no significant variation was observed in most of the parameters either at the population level or within each tonal type. Canonical discriminant functions analysis showed a smaller difference between PRE and LZB than between PRE and SNB and between LZB and SNB. Compared with previous recordings, recent recordings demonstrated a consistent pattern of becoming higher in whistle frequency parameters in both LZB and SNB populations, suggesting that noise pollution in LZB and SNB increasing with time according to the acoustic niche hypothesis. Dolphin whistle's geographic variations could be shaped by the combined function of the geographical barrier function of the Qiongzhou strait and local ambient noise. Considering the isolated condition and the relatively smaller population size of the humpback dolphin in the SNB, more effective and proactive conservation actions should be taken to prevent the extinction of small populations.     

牛轮状病毒性腹泻的研究

从安徽、河南两地黄牛犊腹泻粪样中分离出了３株能在ＭＡ－１０４细胞上稳定繁殖、继代的轮状病毒（标号为ＢＲＶ００７、ＢＲＶ０１４及ＨＮ－７）。中和试验表明,该３株黄牛分离毒与北京奶牛毒ＢＲＶ６５５５及国外参考毒株ＮＣＤＶ之间抗原性无差异,同属轮状病毒血清６型（或牛轮状病毒血清１型）,在亚组抗原特异性上均为第Ⅰ亚组。用ＢＲＶ０１４高代次（５０代以上）细胞培养物（ＴＣＩＤ５０＝１０－６．５）于孕母牛产前３个月和１个月经肌肉免疫注射２次,可明显提高母牛初乳中的轮状病毒抗体,在产后２０ｄ,抗体滴度仍能维持在１∶６４;临床观察,免疫母牛所产犊牛的腹泻发生率较对照组降低８３．８％。     

鸡源结肠弯曲菌耐药性分析

为了解江苏省鸡源结肠弯曲菌的流行情况和药物敏感性,对江苏省不同规模化养鸡场、农贸市场和超市的鸡泄殖腔样品和鸡肉产品进行结肠弯曲菌的分离及PCR鉴定;采用纸片扩散法测定分离株对17种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,从750份样品(禽肉产品和泄殖腔棉拭子)中分离到81株结肠弯曲菌,分离率为10.8%。耐药性试验结果显示,80%以上菌株对头孢曲松、妥布霉素、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、林可霉素和甲氧苄氨嘧啶耐药,其中甲氧苄氨嘧啶耐药率达99%,对美罗培南和氟苯尼考保持高度敏感。所有测试菌株出现多重耐药,优势耐药谱为LIN/CRO/CN/T/NOR/CIP。调查结果为结肠弯曲菌防控提供参考依据。     

右美托咪定复合利多卡因持续输注对犬异氟烷麻醉的影响

为了减小异氟烷麻醉的不良反应,获得良好的麻醉效果,探讨了盐酸右美托咪定和利多卡因复合静脉输注对异氟烷麻醉效果的影响。将12只临床健康的小型成年犬随机分为单一异氟烷(13mL/L)维持麻醉组(ISO)和右美托咪定(每小时2μg/kg静脉输注)-利多卡因(每小时50μg/kg静脉输注)-异氟烷(7.5mL/L)复合维持麻醉组(LDI)。两组犬均采用相同的麻醉前处理并辅助机械通气,麻醉维持时间1h,并监测和记录各项麻醉相关指标。结果显示,与ISO组相比,复合麻醉组犬只能更快地进入麻醉稳定期(P0.01),镇静、镇痛和肌松效果更好(P0.05),恢复苏醒的时间也更短(P0.01);期间动物心率明显降低(P0.01),但血压和血气离子浓度变化相对稳定。此外,心脏出现的代偿性扩张(P0.05)和血液动力学变化并未明显影响心脏的收缩和射血功能,均在临床可接受范围内。结果表明,盐酸右美托咪定和利多卡因复合用药可减少异氟烷的使用浓度,提供稳定的麻醉效果,动物的苏醒质量更佳,可以用于临床麻醉。