基于图像频谱特征的稻飞虱识别方法

为准确、快速的识别稻飞虱种类,采用自行设计的野外环境昆虫图像采集装置获取稻飞虱背部图像,通过对背景与目标像素的统计,选取140为阈值,对稻飞虱图像的蓝色通道进行二值化,将背景与目标分割开,采用形态学滤波以及开运算,与灰度图像进行与操作,获取单个稻飞虱虫体背部区域的灰度图像。然后对灰度图像进行二维傅里叶变换,获得虫体背部图像的二维傅里叶频谱。最后以ll(l=1,2,…,6)的二维频谱窗口数据作为稻飞虱特征参数,建立Fisher判别函数。训练集和验证集的试验结果表明,选用33二维傅里叶频谱窗口数据建立的判别模型,稻飞虱正确识别率可达到90%以上。该方法可以实现田间稻飞虱的自动识别。     

肉桂油/海藻酸钠薄膜物理特性和抗菌性能分析

为了研究开发新型可降解抗菌包装材料,该文以添加不同体积肉桂油到海藻酸钠膜液中制成的肉桂油/海藻酸钠抗菌薄膜为研究对象,比较分析肉桂油添加量对肉桂油/海藻酸钠薄膜厚度、透光率、色泽和水蒸气透过率等物理特性的影响,同时,考察其对薄膜的抗菌性能的影响。膜液中肉桂油体积分数在0～1.0%时,薄膜厚度无明显变化,体积分数为1.2%时,薄膜厚度显著增加。随着肉桂油体积分数的增加,薄膜的透光率显著降低,薄膜水蒸气透过系数增大。肉桂油对薄膜色泽影响显著,随着肉桂油添加量的增加,薄膜色泽值a和b呈显著增加趋势。膜液中肉桂油体积分数为0.8%时,薄膜抗菌能力显著增强。研究结果表明,当膜液中肉桂油体积分数为0.8%时,薄膜具有较好的抗菌效果和物理性能。该研究可为肉桂油/海藻酸钠可降解抗菌薄膜生产工艺参数的进一步优化提供参考。     

Soil microbial communities and enzyme activities in a reclaimed coastal soil chronosequence under rice–barley cropping

Purpose

A field experiment with a reclamation chronosequence under rice?Cbarley cropping was conducted to investigate soil enzyme activities and microbiology in a coastal saline soil. The aim of this study was to test whether changes in enzyme activity and microbial community structure are directly impacted by changes in soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and organic carbon (SOC) due to reclamation.

Materials and methods

The research area is located in south-eastern China. Four experimental sites were reclaimed in 1976, 1984, 1996, and 2006, respectively, and each site was divided into three plots, each of which was 22?m?×?10?m. Each year, the plots were planted with rice (cv Xiushui) in summer and barley (cv Yanmai) in winter. Soil pH and EC were determined in an aqueous suspension with a 1:5 ratio of soil and water. Soil organic carbon content was measured by dichromate oxidation with heating. Measured soil enzyme activities included catalase, urease, and protease. Soil microbial community structures were assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

Results and discussion

Reclamation under rice?Cbarley cropping reduced EC and pH, but increased SOC, the activities of catalase, urease and protease, and the cell numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, resulting in an increase in the bacterial community diversity. The enzyme activities and bacterial community diversity were significantly positively correlated with SOC, and negatively correlated with pH and EC. Five bacterial groups related to Gaetbulibacter, Sporosarcina, Flavobacterium, Aequorivita, and Gillisia, which have been associated with saline waters, did not appear in the soils that had been reclaimed prior to 1996.

Conclusions

Results of this field study suggest that soil properties which affect microbial activity such as EC, pH, and SOC significantly influence the activities of catalase, urease, and protease, and microbial community composition. More than 10?years after reclamation under rice?Cbarley cropping, EC had decreased and bacteria typically found in marine and saline environments had disappeared from the soil.     

Soil carbon dioxide emission from intensively cultivated black soil in Northeast China: nitrogen fertilization effect

Purpose

The aim of this study was to understand the effect of nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration and native soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and to identify the key factor affecting soil respiration in a cultivated black soil.

Materials and methods

A field experiment was conducted at the Harbin State Key Agroecological Experimental Station, China. The study consisted of four treatments: unplanted and N-unfertilized soil (U0), unplanted soil treated with 225?kg?N?ha^?1 (UN), maize planted and N-unfertilized soil (P0), and planted soil fertilized with 225?kg?N?ha^?1 (PN). Soil CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were measured using the static closed chamber method.

Results and discussion

Cumulative CO₂ emissions during the maize growing season with the U0, UN, P0, and PN treatments were 1.29, 1.04, 2.30 and 2.27?Mg?C?ha^?1, respectively, indicating that N fertilization significantly reduced the decomposition of native SOC. However, no marked effect on soil respiration in planted soil was observed because the increase of rhizosphere respiration caused by N addition was counteracted by the reduction of native SOC decomposition. Soil CO₂ fluxes were significantly affected by soil temperature but not by soil moisture. The temperature sensitivity (Q ₁₀) of soil respiration was 2.16?C2.47 for unplanted soil but increased to 3.16?C3.44 in planted soil. N addition reduced the Q ₁₀ of native SOC decomposition possibly due to low labile organic C but increased the Q ₁₀ of soil respiration due to the stimulation of maize growth. The estimated annual CO₂ emission in N-fertilized soil was 1.28?Mg?C?ha^?1 and was replenished by the residual stubble, roots, and exudates. In contrast, the lost C (1.53?Mg?C?ha^?1) in N-unfertilized soil was not completely supplemented by maize residues, resulting in a reduction of SOC. Although N fertilization significantly increased N₂O emissions, the global warming potential of N₂O and CO₂ emissions in N-fertilized soil was significantly lower than in N-unfertilized soil.

Conclusions

The stimulatory or inhibitory effect of N fertilization on soil respiration and basal respiration may depend on labile organic C concentration in soil. The inhibitory effect of N fertilization on native SOC decomposition was mainly associated with low labile organic C in tested black soil. N application could reduce the global warming potential of CO₂ and N₂O emissions in black soil.     

基于无线传感器网络的土壤含水率监测系统设计

针对农业生产过程中信息监测点相对分散和数据有线传输方式的局限性,设计和开发了一种基于无线传感器网络的农田土壤含水率监测系统,系统由3个土壤含水率监测终端节点、1个路由节点和1个网关节点组成。传感器采用蓄电池供电,终端节点和路由节点采用干电池供电,各节点间通信遵循Zigbee通信协议。同时,开发了数据采集、无线通信等程序,能够以任意时间间隔采集监测点土壤含水率数据,实现数据的处理、传输和存储等功能。实验结果表明,系统能实现数据的稳定传输,适合农田土壤含水率实时监测。     

设施农业机械化水平评价指标体系构建

设施农业是现代农业发展的重要组成部分。为了科学评价我国设施农业机械水平,便于在宏观管理上引导未来设施农业机械的发展,提出了基于生产环节的设施农业机械化水平评价指标框架体系构建思路;采用文献分析、专家咨询和实地调研的研究方法,根据指标设置原则和筛选依据,对指标进行了删减和合并,并建立了一套包括2级9个指标的评价体系;最后,选取北京及江苏7个典型设施农业园区进行实例计算。结果表明,设施农业机械化水平评价体系在数据采集及计算方法上具有较强的可操作性,评价结果与实际情况较吻合。     

不同种植年限桃树根区土壤肥力变异特征

果树根际土壤肥力是果树生长的基础,本研究通过对种植年限为5、10、15、20年桃树根区土壤理化和生物学性状变化进行分析,以期揭示不同种植年限桃园根际土壤肥力的变异特征,探明影响桃树产量和品质主要土壤肥力因子,为不同种植年限桃树生产管理提供理论依据。结果表明：随着种植年限的增加,土壤粘粒、粉粒含量增加,但土壤质地未改变;土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量呈增加趋势;土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性以种植年限15年达到最大值;土壤真菌和细菌数量随种植年限增加呈减少趋势;土壤微生物量氮含量逐年降低。土壤肥力因子之间存在一定相关性,不同土壤肥力因子间的交互关系影响桃园土壤肥力变化,其中土壤有机质、微生物量碳以及土壤酶活性是影响土壤肥力的主要因素。桃树产量以种植年限15年最大,种植年限超过15年桃品质下降,土壤肥力因子中土壤速效钾、有机质、微生物量碳含量及脲酶活性是影响桃产量和品质（可溶性固形物）的主要因素。     

基于GIS的鲁东南典型丘陵平原区农田土壤养分空间变异特征及影响因素研究

以鲁东南丘陵平原区的某镇为例,利用采集的200个农田表层土壤样点数据,运用地统计学方法研究了土壤中有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明:SOM、TN、AN、AP和AK的平均含量分别为13.52 g/kg、0.75 g/kg、87.27 mg/kg、50.55 mg/kg和103.20 mg/kg,土壤养分含量总体属于稍缺水平,变异系数依次按大小排序为AP>AN>AK>TN>SOM,全部为中等变异程度。地统计分析表明,5种土壤养分的变异函数符合指数模型,通过普通克里格法对土壤养分进行空间插值来绘制了养分含量等级空间分布图,总体来说研究区土壤的有机质和全氮含量水平都较低,其他有效组分在含量等级及分布范围相对于有机质和全氮的状况要稍好。地形地貌、土壤类型和土地利用方式等因素对研究区土壤养分的空间变异程度有显著影响,其中地形地貌、土壤类型等结构性因素的影响程度较强。     

城乡融合发展视角下数字乡村评价指标体系构建

为了促进数字时代新型城乡关系的构建,实现数字乡村与智慧城市融合发展。基于对智慧城市发展水平评价相关研究的梳理,本研究采用知识图谱法和模糊集法筛选出智慧城市评价共性指标,并在结合乡村地域特点选取特色指标的基础上,将智慧城市部分评价指标延伸至数字乡村,构建城乡融合发展视角下的数字乡村发展水平评价指标体系。本着科学、全面、可靠与可得的原则,本研究最终构建了包含发展支撑、数字基础设施、数字治理、数字民生、产业数字化等5个维度的数字乡村评价指标体系。与其他数字乡村评价指标体系相比,更加全面、科学,既体现了以智慧城市发展带动数字乡村发展的本质内涵,也较为客观地从县村之间的互动关系上体现了城乡在数字建设融合发展上的融合程度。     

利用污水养殖微藻研究进展

微藻细胞中含有多种可利用的营养成分和化工原料,利用污水培养微藻在生产有价值藻体的同时净化污水,降低了养殖成本,使原本高成本的微藻养殖成为可能。该文从微藻可利用的污水类型及对污水的净化效率、适应污水生长的微藻种类、微藻的采收以及污水养殖得到的藻粉用途等方面的研究进展进行概述,并对未来污水养殖微藻需要继续研究的方向进行了展望。