三种黑土中有机碳、氮、磷的形态分布与肥力的关系

土壤腐殖质是土壤的重要组分。土壤的许多属性都直接或间接地与腐殖质的性质有关。我们曾指出^[2]黑土的腐殖物质及其组分与土壤的物理、化学及生物化学有显著的相关性,这表明它们对氮、磷等营养物质的转化、供应及贮存起着重要的作用。     

农家微水电资源的开发研究

本文论述了在发展农村一般小水电的同时,开发利用农牧民屋旁零星分散的微水电资源,研究设计适合农家户用条件的低水头、小流量微型家用水力发电装置,是缓解目前农村能源,特别是农牧民生活用电紧张局面,改变边远地区落后面貌的必要而有效的技术措施。指出农家微型水力发电装置的研究,开拓了农村水电科研新的分支领域,其前景十分广阔。 文中论述通过大量调研后,提出了解决微型水电设备在用电过程中,其电压与频率随着负载的变化而激烈波动的关键技术。研究开发了适用于明槽、管道、竖井和闸坝等多种安装条件的WS(出口为CALF)系列农家用微水电设备。 经运行考该,证明该项研究对开发应用分布极广的农村微水电资源,充分挖掘农村能源和加速农村电气化,都具有十分明显的技术经济和社会效益。     

Evaluation of fly ash,apatite and rice straw derived-biochar in varying combinations for in situ remediation of soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals

ABSTRACT

In

-situ sorbent amendment is a relatively low-cost, low-impact approach for remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals (HMs), and thus is considered a way to be favored in developing countries. In this study, materials of non-hazardous, alkaline agronomic and industrial by-products were used as sorbents to explore their capacity of in situ immobilization of multiple HMs in mining-impacted arable soil. These sorbents included fly ash (FA), biochar (BC) and apatite (AP) and they were implemented with varying ratios of combinations. Results of soil microcosm tests showed that after incubation for 90 days, concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in their exchangeable forms determined by a sequential extraction method significantly decreased in amended soils, as opposed to the unamended control. Of the five sets of amendments, the composite of FA, BC, and AP resulted in the maximum reduction (up to 80%) in the mobility of Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils. The mechanisms underlying the immobilization of HMs in amended soils might involve processes of surface precipitation, ion exchange and complexation, in which the physicochemical properties of sorbent materials played an important role. The immobilization efficacy of sorbent amendments on HMs in soil was further supported by pot experiments in which significant inhibition of HM accumulation in the belowground and aboveground tissues of maize was observed after 50-day cultivation in amended soils as compared with control soil. Together, these results suggest that the application of cost-saving and environmentally friendly materials derived from wastes as sorbents to remediate soils contaminated with multiple HMs is promising for developing countries like Vietnam.     

宁南干旱山区春小麦氮、磷施肥模式研究

该用二次饱和Ｄ最优设计，研究了试区３种不同立地农田生态系统春小麦Ｎ、Ｐ施肥效应方程，建立起不同适宜性的施肥数学模型，分析研究了Ｎ、Ｐ肥的主效应和交互效应，计算出不同农田的最佳施肥量，以低位梯田为例，计算出不同产量下Ｎ、Ｐ肥的用量及最适配比。     

东北黑土有机质和酶活性与土壤肥力的关系

在前人和我们以往工作的基础上,我们认为,研究土壤肥力,既要考虑“体质”(指比较综合地、全面地反映土壤肥力的基础物质的组成与特征),又要考虑“土体”(指耕层及其连接部分),才能找到接近实际的肥力指标。本项研究试图探索东北黑土中有机质和酶活性与土壤肥力的关系。     

Comment on "HST2 mediates SIR2-independent life-span extension by calorie restriction"

Calorie restriction (CR) increases life span in yeast independently of Sir2. Lamming et al. (Reports, 16 September 2005, p. 1861) recently proposed that Sir2-independent life-span extension by CR is mediated by the Sir2 paralogs Hst1 and Hst2. Contradictory to this, we find that CR greatly increases life span in cells lacking Sir2, Hst1, and Hst2, which suggests that CR is not mediated by Sir2, Hst2, or Hst1.     

A longitudinal study to identify constraints to dairy cattle health and production in rural smallholder communities in Northern Vietnam

The objective of the study was to investigate constraints to dairy cattle health and production in rural smallholder communities in northern Vietnam, one of the target areas of the Vietnam government's dairy development programme. A total of 99 dairy farms (11 per commune) were recruited from 9 of 32 communes in Ba Vi District, using random two-stage cluster sampling. After the initial questionnaire interviews were conducted, farms were visited at three monthly intervals over a period of 1 year. Information on several health and production parameters relating to the study cattle was collected. Using multiple indicator modelling, it was found that Fasciola infestation, farmers who had been involved in dairying for longer (not indicative of better management skills), larger herd size, and cattle being kept in a shed were linked to reduced reproductive performances.     

土石坝洪水漫顶模糊风险分析

土石坝的安全性一直是备受关注的研究热点。洪水漫顶是影响大坝安全性的重要因素。对水库大坝洪水风险进行准确评估,可为保障水库大坝安全性提供理论依据。该文基于大坝漫顶风险分析理论,建立了漫顶失事模糊风险模型。并以新疆玛纳斯河夹河子水库为例,对其土石坝洪水漫顶模糊风险进行了评估,并得出主要结论:该水库大坝平均漫顶失事模糊风险率为5.02×10-3,超过了我国大坝风险评价标准,该坝的洪水漫顶破坏风险较大。     

极端暴雨情景模拟下黄河中游区现状下垫面来沙量分析

黄河防洪,难在沙多。未来黄河的来沙情势事关治黄方略确定、流域水沙资源配置、重大水利工程布局与运用,是近年治黄的热点问题。2000年以来,黄土高原生态环境大幅改善,黄河来沙锐减,在此背景下,需要客观认识极端暴雨情景下的黄河最大可能来沙量,为黄河防洪减淤提供决策依据。该文以沙量贡献率约91%的黄河中游河口镇至潼关区间为研究对象,以下垫面产输沙环境大体稳定、且暴雨偏多的2010-2018年作为现状下垫面,设计了"假定1933年暴雨重现"和"假定2010-2018年各支流的最大暴雨年在同一年发生"等两种极端暴雨情景,分别采用各支流最大暴雨年实测沙量相加和基于现状年各支流降雨-产沙关系的水文学方法,分析了研究区现状下垫面在极端暴雨情景下的可能来沙量。1933年是黄土高原近百年实际发生过的最大暴雨年;通过暴雨移植而成的"合成年"暴雨量级仅次于1933年,但输沙量和产沙量相当于实测值;两个暴雨情景的大暴雨落区不同。研究结果表明:在现状下垫面背景下,如果2010-2018年各支流的最大暴雨年出现在同一年,研究区的年输沙量将达6.2亿t,相应的区域产沙量为9.9亿t;基于现状下垫面的降雨-产沙关系,如果1933年大暴雨在研究区重现,研究区的年输沙量将达9.4亿t,相应的区域产沙量为12.4亿t。该文采用的两种极端暴雨情景,只能算得上是近一百年内的最大降雨,且未考虑坝库水毁排沙和极端暴雨出现在连续干旱年之后等不利情况,否则来沙量将更大。由此可见,即便是黄土高原林草植被已经大幅改善,且大量梯田和淤地坝建成投运,黄河防洪和骨干工程调度运用仍要做好应对大沙的准备。     

Spatio-temporal variations in meteorology drought over the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam in the recent decades

Paddy and Water Environment - In recent years, Mekong Delta of Vietnam is severely affected by salinity intrusion and water scarcity due to climate variability. In this study, a comprehensive...