Pharmacokinetics of mequindox and one of its major metabolites in chickens after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration

Pharmacokinetics of mequindox and one of its major metabolites (M) was determined in chickens after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral administration of mequindox at a single dose of 10 (i.v. and i.m.) or 20 mg/kg b.w. (oral). Plasma concentration profiles were analyzed by a non-compartmental pharmacokinetic method. Following i.v., i.m. and oral administration, the areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-∞)) were 0.71±0.15, 0.67±0.21, 0.25±0.10 μg h/mL (mequindox) and 37.24±7.98, 36.40±9.16, 86.39±16.01 μg h/mL (M), respectively. The terminal elimination half-lives (t(1/2λz)) were determined to be 0.15±0.06, 0.21±0.09, 0.49±0.23 h (mequindox) and 5.36±0.86, 5.39±0.52, 5.22±0.35 h (M), respectively. The bioavailabilities (F) of mequindox were 89.4% and 16.6% for i.m. and oral administration. Steady-state distribution volume (V(ss)) of 1.20±0.34 L/kg and total body clearance (Cl(B)) of 13.57±2.16 L/kg h were determined for mequindox after i.v. dosing. After single i.m. and oral administration, peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) of 3.04±1.32, 0.36±0.13 μg/mL (mequindox) and 3.81±0.92, 5.99±1.16 μg/mL (M) were observed at t(max) of 0.08±0.02, 0.32±0.12 h (mequindox) and 0.66±0.19, 6.67±1.03 h (M), respectively. The results showed that mequindox was rapidly absorbed after i.m. or p.o. administration and most of mequindox was transformed to metabolites in chickens, with much higher C(max)s and AUCs of metabolite (M) than those of mequindox in plasma.     

桑园病虫害的综合防治技术综论

桑园病虫害的发生及发展状况直接影响桑叶的产量及品质,进而影响到以之作为食物源的家蚕的生长发育、养蚕及制种成绩。因此,桑园病虫害的防治问题值得重视。从现有的桑园病虫害防治技术体系来看,单一的防治方式已经达不到改良和恢复自然昆虫动态平衡的目的了,必须将目前常用的化学防治方法与其它方法结合起来,交替进行,进行综合防治。     

Role of IFNLR1 gene in PRRSV infection of PAM cells

BackgroundInterferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1) is a type II cytokine receptor that clings to interleukins IL-28A, IL29B, and IL-29 referred to as type III IFNs (IFN-λs). IFN-λs act through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to exert antiviral effects related to preventing and curing an infection. Although the immune function of IFN-λs in virus invasion has been described, the molecular mechanism of IFNLR1 in that process is unclear.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of IFNLR1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).MethodsThe effects of IFNLR1 on the proliferation of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during PRRSV infection were investigated using interference and overexpression methods.ResultsIn this study, the expressions of the IFNLR1 gene in the liver, large intestine, small intestine, kidney, and lung tissues of Dapulian pigs were significantly higher than those in Landrace pigs. It was determined that porcine IFNLR1 overexpression suppresses PRRSV replication. The qRT-PCR results revealed that overexpression of IFNLR1 upregulated antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. IFNLR1 overexpression inhibits the proliferation of PAMs and upregulation of p-STAT1. By contrast, knockdown of IFNLR1 expression promotes PAMs proliferation. The G0/G1 phase proportion in IFNLR1-overexpressing cells increased, and the opposite change was observed in IFNLR1-underexpressing cells. After inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, the G2/M phase proportion in the IFNLR1-overexpressing cells showed a significant increasing trend. In conclusion, overexpression of IFNLR1 induces activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of PAMs infected with PRRSV.ConclusionExpression of the IFNLR1 gene has an important regulatory role in PRRSV-infected PAMs, indicating it has potential as a molecular target in developing a new strategy for the treatment of PRRSV.     

浅谈中国南岭山地树种资源保护

根据中国南岭山地树种资源现状分析了其保护的意义和效益,提出了保护方法、措施及手段。     

购犬应当选择好的繁殖者

当养犬爱好者想给自己挑选一头爱犬时,怎样选择小犬将会是一个至关重要的问题.笔者认为,了解小犬的饲养繁殖者很重要.因为小犬的饲养繁殖者直接关系到犬的质量.……     

东江中上游3种造林树种的光合-光响应特征

 以东江中上游6年生的山乌桕、枫香和南酸枣为材料,采用LI-COR公司L i-6400光合作用测定系统测定光合、蒸腾、水分利用效率等生理参数及其光响应过程,探讨3树种在自然生境条件下的光合-光响应特征。结果表明:3树种光合-光响应曲线均符合非直角双曲线模型(R2>0.98)和指数模型(R2>0.98);3树种表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率均表现为山乌桕>南酸枣>枫香,山乌桕在弱光下光合能力要高于枫香和南酸枣,但对光合产物消耗大;山乌桕最大净光合速率与枫香、南酸枣间差异显著(0.05);3树种介于阴生植物和阳生植物之间,山乌桕对强光的适应能力较好,对光照强度表现出一定的适应性和可塑性,具有较宽的光照生态幅,对弱光与强光的利用能力较高;3树种净光合速率光响应均值表现为山乌桕>南酸枣>枫香,耗水能力表现为山乌桕>南酸枣>枫香,而水分利用效率表现为枫香>山乌桕>南酸枣。     

Changes in VP2 gene during the attenuation of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus strain Gx isolated in China

Very virulent (vv) infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) Gx strain with high pathogenicity was attenuated through replication in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos and in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell cultures. The changes in VP2 nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences were obtained during attenuation of vvIBDV in CEF culture. Sequence analysis of selected passages from numbers 0 to 20 in CEFs (designated here Gx to CEF-20) showed that no changes were detectable in the VP2 gene before CEF-7. There were a few changes in the nucleotide sequence of the VP2 gene but no amino acid substitutions at CEF-8. The virus of CEF-9 was an intermediate with some amino acid changes that possibly were related to virulence. CEF-10 virus had become similar to CU-1 strain. The VP2 gene sequence remained the same from CEF-10 to CEF-20. The results of pathogenicity tests showed that the mortalities of Gx, CEF-5, CEF-8, and CEF-9 in 4-wk-old SPF chickens were 64%, 60%, 60%, and 32%, respectively; whereas CEF-10, CEF-15, and CEF-20 were nonpathogenic. Virus neutralization tests with Gx strain showed that the antigenicities are similar from Gx to CEF-20.     

柔嫩艾美尔球虫野外株对3种聚醚类离子载体抗生素的敏感性试验

采用鸡体药效试验法测定了柔嫩艾美尔球虫对３种聚醚类离子载体抗生素的敏感性。试验证明，柔嫩艾美尔球虫野外分离株对盐霉素（６６×１０－６）、莫能菌素（１２０×１０－６）和拉沙菌素（１２５×１０－６）产生了耐药性。上述３种药物的抗球虫指数（ＡＣＩ）分别为１４９．３９、１３４．０４和１５６．１１。但这３种药物对柔嫩艾美尔球虫标准株仍然有效     

非淀粉多糖复合酶对饲喂低能量水平饲粮肉鸡生长性能的影响研究

为研究非淀粉多糖酶在肉鸡不同能量水平饲粮中的应用效果,本试验选取1日龄健康艾维茵肉鸡192只,随机分成4组,分别饲喂正对照基础日粮、负对照基础日粮、负对照基础日粮+100g/t酶制剂、负对照基础日粮+300g/t酶制剂,研究饲料在常规能量降低0.21MJ/kg的条件下,酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响,结果表明:在1￣42日龄,两个加酶组的料重比比负对照组降低11.0%和10.3%(P<0.05)。表明非淀粉多糖酶在肉鸡日粮中降低0.21MJ/kg能量水平的条件下,能显著地提高肉鸡生产性能,提高饲料转化效率,经济效益良好。     

应用鸭胚组织培养液酶活性进行蛋鸭早期选种的研究

根据亲代产蛋性能,将10个家系320个13日龄的鸭胚分成Ⅰ和Ⅱ两组,进行活组织培养,测定培养液中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性。结果:AKP活性与其亲代产蛋指数、半同胞姐妹鸭的开产日龄和500日龄产蛋数有密切相关,其相关系数分别为0.8736、-0.6616和0.7954;GOT活性与上述性能的相关系数分别为-0.7737、0.4331和-0.9024。AKP活性高、GOT活性低的Ⅰ组比AKP活性低、GOT活性高的Ⅱ组,其半同胞姐妹鸭开产日龄提早18.8天(P<0.01);500日龄产蛋数多21.8个(P<0.05)。AKP和GOT活性的遗传力分别为0.7993和0.3410,它们间的关系为负相关,相关系数为-0.8641。根据鸭胚组织培养液中的AKP和GOT的活性,对蛋鸭进行早期选种,比常规选种法可提早半年。