沟灌管理参数优化策略比较与最优灌水时间估算

沟灌是中耕作物常采用的灌水技术,但灌水质量不高仍是目前存在的主要问题.为进一步提高沟灌灌水质量,该研究以在陕西省关中平原进行的45组沟灌试验为基础,结合数值模拟方法,量化比较了3种沟灌管理参数优化策略(策略1:仅对灌水时间优化;策略2:仅对入沟流量优化;策略3:同时对入沟流量与灌水时间优化)对灌水质量的提升效果,提出了...     

玉米宽窄行深旋免耕精量播种机田间试验及效果

为了解决目前玉米播种机械播种质量不高,良好农艺措施与农机不配套等问题,研发了一种基于宽窄行条带深旋免耕技术的玉米精量播种机。该文对该机作业后的土壤质量、土壤含水率、玉米出苗、群体光照、根系生长和产量等性状进行了分析。结果表明:采用该机播种后,土壤耕层容重显著降低(P0.05),土壤蓄水保水能力提高,玉米的播种质量明显提高,群体整齐度增加,群体透光性明显改善,具有显著的增产作用。与普通播种机械相比,该机播种后的玉米出苗率平均提高6.2个百分点,玉米株高变异系数降低8.33%,玉米根系生长量增加15.79%,玉米生育后期的群体光能截获量明显增加,产量增加11.15%。实现了优良农艺措施与农机的有效结合。     

Toxic effect of landfill leachate on microalgae

Leachates from two landfills, namely Junk Bay (JB) and Gin Drinkers' Bay (GDB), were assessed for their acute toxicity using four green algal species, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, C. vulgaris, Scenedesmus sp. and Dunaliella tertiolecta. JB leachate was more toxic to the four algal species tested than leachate from GDB landfill. The growth rates of all four species in 50% JB leachate, and two species (C. vulgaris and D. tertiolecta) in 50% GDB leachate were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those in the control (Bristol Medium only). Values of 96h-EC50 of JB leachate for all four species were lower than those of GDB. The high contents of ammoniacal-nitrogen and organic compounds (such as volatile fatty acids) seemed to be the factors governing the toxicity of leachate on algae. There were differential sensitivities to leachate exhibited by the tested algal species. Susceptibility to leachates in terms of cell number were in the ascending order of C. pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus sp., C. vulgaris and D. tertiolecta.     

镜鲤体重的QTL定位

本研究利用217个微卫星标记和336个SNPs标记对德国镜鲤F2代68个个体基因组DNA进行基因型检测。其中507个标记共组成62个连锁群,覆盖基因组总长度为2805．85cM,标记问平均距离为6-31cM;利用软件MapQTL4．0采用区间作图法对体重性状进行QTL定位分析。研究结果共检测到14个与体重性状有关的QTLs,分布于9个连锁群。其中BIV-5-J有最大的LOD值,为4．46;BIV—I-1的LOD值最小,为2．25。单个QTL平均解释表型变异介于14．10％～45．50％之间,其中贡献率大于20％的主效QTLs有9个。通过BLASTX与斑马鱼蛋白质序列数据库进行序列比对,找到了与斑马鱼酰基辅酶A脱氢酶蛋白、胰淀粉酶仅2蛋白、Apoebprotein和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶蛋白同源的分子标记。本研究结果对分子标记辅助育种具有重要应用价值。     

Carotenogenesis up-regulation in Scenedesmus sp. using a targeted metabolomics approach by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry

Carotenoids have potent antioxidant activity as well as therapeutic value, and their formation has been seen to be induced in algae by stress, including high-salt culture conditions. A differential profiling of carotenoids was conducted using a targeted metabolomics approach with accurate mass data generated by liquid chromatography-electrospray-time-of-flight (LC-ESI-TOF) mass spectrometry followed by postacquisition filtering based on isotope patterns and mass defects to detect carotenoids up-regulated in Scenedesmus sp. exposed to high-salt conditions. Algal cultures treated with high concentrations of sodium acetate or sodium chloride were found to cause an increase in various carotenoids. On the basis of differential analysis, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin increased upon salt treatment. Astaxanthin, in its free form and as fatty acid esters, was seen to increase in Scenedesmus sp. using accurate mass MS. A few other carotenoid compounds increased upon salt treatment, including echinenone and adonirubin, involved in the pathway of astaxanthin biosynthesis from β-carotene, as well as isomers of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. A time course study of acetate treatment was done to observe the time-dependent up-regulation of carotenogenesis.     

四种入渗模型对斥水土壤入渗规律的适用性

土壤斥水性影响入渗,进而影响作物产量。国外学者进行了一定的研究,但在中国研究的还很少。该文基于实测资料探讨几种常规的入渗模型在斥水土壤中的适用性。采用室内土柱进行积水入渗试验,对比了不同积水高度和斥水度条件下的土壤入渗规律,并采用4种模型分析了土壤入渗率变化特征。结果表明,累积入渗量随入渗历时的变化可用幂函数描述,不斥水土壤累积入渗量明显大于斥水土壤;累积入渗量与湿润锋推进距离呈良好的线性关系;利用Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型、Kostiakov公式和指数公式对入渗率与入渗历时间的关系进行拟合,其中Kostiakov公式更接近于实测值,其他模型拟合效果因斥水程度等因素的不同而异。     

掺砂对土壤水分入渗和蒸发影响的室内试验

通过掺砂调控农田土壤水分入渗和蒸发,对新疆干旱绿洲农田抑盐、保水及合理的掺砂制度制定具有重要意义。该研究以不同的掺砂率为影响因子进行土柱模拟试验,设置了4个掺砂率水平,分别是0（对照）、25%、50%、75%。结果表明：不同掺砂率条件下湿润锋和累积入渗量与入渗历时有显著地乘幂关系,影响顺序为75%＞50%＞25%＞0,且在掺砂率≥25%影响幅度较大;不同掺砂处理对土壤水分蒸发过程同样也有显著地影响,随着掺砂率的增加,土壤蒸发显著减弱,随着掺砂率的增加,抑制土壤蒸发越强,且在掺砂率≥75%时有较大幅度影响。土壤在连续20 d蒸发过程中,各个处理的土壤累积蒸发量随时间的关系和Rose经验公式拟合度高; 不同掺砂处理能显著提高土壤掺砂层以下的土壤含水率,随着掺砂率的增加而增加,其中掺砂75%时最高。     

A single application of Cu to field soil has long-term effects on bacterial community structure, diversity, and soil processes

Long-term diversity-disturbance responses of soil bacterial communities to copper were determined from field-soils (Spalding; South Australia) exposed to Cu in doses ranging from 0 through to 4012 mg Cu kg⁻¹ soil. Nearly 6 years after application of Cu, the structure of the total bacterial community showed change over the Cu gradient (PCR-DGGE profiling). 16S rRNA clone libraries, generated from unexposed and exposed (1003 mg Cu added kg⁻¹ soil) treatments, had significantly different taxa composition. In particular, Acidobacteria were abundant in unexposed soil but were nearly absent from the Cu-exposed sample (P<0.05), which was dominated by Firmicute bacteria (P<0.05). Analysis of community profiles of Acidobacteria, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas showed significant changes in structural composition with increasing soil Cu. The diversity (Simpsons index) of the Acidobacteria community was more sensitive to increasing concentrations of CaCl-extractable soil Cu (Cu_Ext) than other groups, with decline in diversity occurring at 0.13 Cu_Ext mg kg⁻¹ soil. In contrast, diversity in the Bacillus community increased until 10.4 Cu_Ext mg kg⁻¹ soil, showing that this group was 2 orders of magnitude more resistant to Cu than Acidobacteria. Sphingomonas was the most resistant to Cu; however, this group along with Pseudomonas represented only a small percentage of total soil bacteria. Changes in bacterial community structure, but not diversity, were concomitant with a decrease in catabolic function (BioLog). Reduction in function followed a dose-response pattern with Cu_Ext levels (R²=0.86). The EC₅₀ for functional loss was 0.21 Cu_Ext mg kg⁻¹ soil, which coincided with loss of Acidobacteria diversity. The microbial responses were confirmed as being due to Cu and not shifts in soil pH (from use of CuSO₄) as parallel Zn-based field plots (ZnSO₄) were dissimilar. Changes in the diversity of most bacterial groups with soil Cu followed a unimodal response - i.e. diversity initially increased with Cu addition until a critical value was reached, whereupon it sharply decreased. These responses are indicative of the intermediate-disturbance-hypothesis, a macroecological theory that has not been widely tested in environmental microbial ecosystems.     

Effect of soil copper on the response of soil fungal communities to the addition of plant residues

Organic residues provide the fundamental energy supply supporting soil fungal communities. Provision of adequate energy is required for soil microbial communities to adapt and function in the presence of ecological stress, such as copper (Cu) contamination. However, contamination can also lead to decreased ecological fitness of microorganisms, limiting their ability to access substrates. Thus, complex interactions exist between substrates, metals, energy supply/accessibility, fungal communities and their processes, and these have implications for ecosystem processes. We investigated the interaction between energy resources and Cu tolerance on soil fungal communities, including Fusarium and Trichoderma (model disease causing and beneficial genera). Using quantitative PCR and DGGE fingerprinting, the effects of increasing soil Cu levels (0 to >3000 mg Cu kg⁻¹ soil) on size and structure of soil fungal communities were tested under basal and plant-residue (medic; Medicago trunculata) added conditions. The interaction between increasing soil Cu levels and the addition of plant resources on fungal community structure was tested using multivariate analysis. The relative size (DNA copies per unit of soil DNA) of soil fungal communities, including Trichoderma and Fusarium, significantly (P < 0.05) increased (94% and 32% respectively) with addition of medic to soil. In medic-applied samples, the bacterial to fungal ratio decreased, demonstrating the selective influence of the cellulose-rich substrate on the fungal community. Under the high nutrient conditions fungal DNA increased as a fraction of the total soil DNA, demonstrating the tolerance of fungi to Cu (relative to other microbiota) given adequate energy resources. Copper had no impact on the abundance of Fusarium or Trichoderma, but significantly affected community structure (PERMANOVA; P < 0.05). With increasing Cu, species selection and replacement could be observed, particularly in soils where medic had been included. Plant residue addition itself was a highly selective factor affecting the structure of communities of Trichoderma and Fusarium (P < 0.05). The effects of increasing Cu could be seen in both medic and basal soils for Trichoderma, but only in the basal treatments for soil Fusarium. This was due to very low dispersion in Fusarium community structure in the medic-added treatment (PERMDISP; P < 0.05). The results show the interactive influence of organic matter inputs and heavy metal contamination on size and structure of soil fungal communities. The data show that species selection and replacement is an important mechanism for community adaptation to increasing levels of soil Cu, and this mechanism can be influenced by addition of resources to the soil.     

斜插式嫁接机砧木子叶气吸夹结构及作业参数优化试验

针对目前插接式瓜类自动嫁接机作业过程中,砧木夹持采用的压苗机构,普遍存在机构复杂、机构动作耗时影响作业生产率等问题,开发了一种砧木子叶气吸夹。该文以瓜类嫁接生产中常用的黑籽南瓜砧木标准苗和黄瓜接穗标准苗为作业对象,通过砧木子叶展平特性测定和气吸夹结构与作业参数优化试验研究,确定了气吸夹的优化结构与作业参数,并在2JC-600B型斜插嫁接机上进行了带压苗机构砧木夹与砧木子叶气吸夹性能对比试验。结果表明：在气源工作压力0.25 MPa、吸孔直径4 mm、吸孔距生长点距离30 mm时,气吸夹展平子叶成功率可达100%;与压苗机构砧木夹相比,采用气吸夹可减轻操作者熟练程度对嫁接机作业性能的影响,提高子叶展平成功率和嫁接成功率,对于熟练操作者,在满足嫁接作业质量要求的情况下可减少砧木上苗作业时间1 s,使嫁接生产率由514株/h增至600株/h,提高16.7%。该研究结果可为斜插式嫁接机的开发设计提供参考。