秋水仙素诱导美洲商陆四倍体的研究

利用改良L.D.Cua法对美洲商陆进行多倍体诱变,在秋水仙碱浓度为0.2%条件下,设置24h、48h和72 h三个诱变时间,并对所得到的变异株和对照株进行形态学、细胞学等方面的比较研究,结果表明:诱变48 h效果最好;与对照相比,变异株的叶片厚度增加43.75%;叶形指数减少37.95%;气孔纵横径分别增加52.94%和73.01%;保卫细胞内叶绿体数目增加20.91%;花直径增加22.96%;花粉粒直径增加22.47%;果实直径增加23.66%.对变异株进行花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体鉴定.小孢子细胞的染色体数为n=2x=36,而对照小孢子细胞的染色体数为n=x=18,证明变异株为四倍体.     

Using mixed methods to investigate factors influencing reporting of livestock diseases: A case study among smallholders in Bolivia

Livestock disease surveillance is particularly challenging in resource-scarce settings, where disease events are often unreported. Surveillance performance is determined as much by the quantifiable biological attributes of the disease, as it is by motivations and barriers perceived by livestock keepers for disease reporting. Mixed methods designs, which integrate the collection, analysis and interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data in a single study, are increasingly used across different disciplines. These designs allow for a deeper exploration of the topic under investigation, than can be achieved by either approach alone.     

黄土丘陵区人工林地土壤肥力质量

以黄土高原北部的陕西省吴起县为例,通过对不同灌木类型和不同生长年限的乔木林地土壤样品的分析测试与数理统计,研究黄土丘陵沟壑区不同人工林植被对土壤肥力质量的影响。结果表明：1）土壤碱解N和速效K,柠条林地是沙棘林地的2倍以上,二者之间达到极显著差异水平;柠条对土壤肥力的提高效果要优于沙棘,仅从对土壤性质的改善来看,建议选择种植柠条。2）乔木林地,从幼年林地到成年林地,土壤全N、碱解N、有机质和阳离子交换量不断增加,土壤速效K、全P和速效P略有增加,土壤有机质和养分的表聚性加强。3）总体上,乔木林地0～100cm土层土壤碱解N、速效K、有机质、阳离子交换量、全N、全P、全K均高于灌木林地,表明乔木林地对土壤的培肥效果优于灌木林地。     

Expression in Escherichia coli of open reading frame gene segments of HTLV-III

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), was recently isolated and its genomic structure analyzed by DNA cloning methods. In the studies reported here a combined cloning and expression system was used to identify HTLV-III encoded peptides that react immunologically with antibodies in sera from AIDS patients. Cloned HTLV-III DNA was sheared into approximately 500-base-pair fragments and inserted into an "open reading frame" expression vector, pMR100. The inserted DNA was expressed in Escherichia coli transformants as a polypeptide fused to the lambda CI protein at its amino terminus and to beta-galactosidase at its carboxyl terminus. Sera from AIDS patients containing antibodies to HTLV-III were then used to screen for immunoreactive fusion proteins. Twenty clones, each specifying a fusion protein strongly reactive with AIDS serum, were identified. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the HTLV-III fragments were derived from the open reading frame DNA segments corresponding to the gag and pol gene coding regions and also the large open reading frame region (env-lor) located near the 3' end of the viral genome.     

额济纳旗绿洲生态环境的遥感动态监测分析

在干旱区利用光学遥感可以对其沙化状况、治沙效果进行监测 ,得到良好的监测效果。利用 L and-sat TM遥感图像并结合 GIS分析了绿洲最近 15 a来额济纳绿洲生态环境变化情况 ,分析表明额济纳沙漠化土地已遍布全旗。( 1)绿洲北部、东部等的湖泊水体范围在锐减 ;( 2 )绿洲面积在明显减少。2 0 0 0年比1986年后 15 a来绿洲面积减少了 6 1.48% ,平均每年面积递减 4.39% ;( 3)绿洲质量及盖度在下降。绿洲生态环境质量下降的主要原因是人类对水资源与土地的不合理利用 ,因此 ,通过引进现代高新技术如遥感的监测与系统地分析及科学地治理 ,额济纳旗绿洲生态恢复是完全可能的     

宁夏引黄灌区冬麦北移及耕作改制的发展

为了适应全球气候变化,解决宁夏小麦生产中的瓶颈问题,探索冬麦北移及耕作改制的途径,20年来科研人员先后开展了冬小麦遗传资源、育种、栽培技术、耕作制度、种植业结构的研究。冬小麦新品种“宁冬10号” 、“宁冬11号”可比宁夏春麦主栽品种“宁春4号”增产20%～50%,其品质达到国家优质中筋小麦标准,最高产量达到11.5 t·hm^-2。宁夏引黄灌区已经出现大面积亩产量“超吨粮”的冬小麦套种玉米及亩产“超吨细粮”的冬小麦加复种水稻;冬小麦收获后复种蔬菜、青贮玉米等,达到了高产、优质、高效的目标。宁夏已有6种与种植冬小麦有关的“一年两熟、全免耕”轮作模式试验成功,并引进印度“涡轮式免耕快乐播种机”,且已研制成功适于宁夏引黄灌区的小麦免耕播种机。     

小麦新种质N0381D矮秆基因的遗传与SSR标记分析

为给小麦矮秆新种质N0381D的利用提供依据,采用田间观察、赤霉酸鉴定以及SSR分析相结合的方法, 对该种质的矮秆性状进行了遗传分析和分子标记定位。结果表明,N0381D与高秆品种阿勃的杂种F¹代株高均接近或稍高于中亲值,F²代高、矮秆比例为123∶33,经χ测验,符合3∶1遗传分离比例;（N0381D/阿勃//N0381D）BC¹代矮秆植株数和半矮秆植株数的分离比例符合1∶1遗传分离比例,说明N0381D的矮秆性状由1对隐性主效基因控制。赤霉酸鉴定表明,该种质为赤霉酸不敏感型。利用337对SSR引物在亲本及高、矮秆池间进行多态性筛选,引物Xwmc503与该矮秆基因连锁, 遗传距离为19.3 cM,通过中国春及其第2部分同源群缺体四体系和双端体系将其定位于2DL染色体上。由于2DL上目前还没有发现矮秆基因,利用Xgwm261对高、矮秆池进行分析,也没有扩增出特异条带,表明N0381D携带的矮秆基因与定位于2DS上的 Rht8不同,因此推测该基因是一个新的矮秆基因,暂命名为RhtN0381D。     

绵羊肺腺瘤病毒致瘤机制研究进展

绵羊肺腺瘤(OPA)是由绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(OPAV)引起的一种慢性、传染性绵羊肺脏肿瘤性疾病,该病对养羊业,特别是种羊的发展有重大影响,世界动物卫生组织将其列为必须通报的动物疫病。论文就近年来国内外关于OPAV致瘤机制的相关研究进行了综述,包括OPAV的转录特异性和囊膜蛋白的致瘤作用和OPAV受体等。这对深入研究OPAV的致瘤机制及确定相应的防控靶点,具有重要的理论意义和潜在的应用价值。     

Involvement of TNF-α and MAPK pathway in the intramammary MMP-9 release via degranulation of cow neutrophils during acute mammary gland involution

Neutrophil-derived MMP-9 activity is regulated more promptly and efficiently at the level of degranulation than at other levels of regulation. In human neutrophils, degranulation is one of the earliest responses to TNF-α stimulation, which involves protein kinase C and mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The level of MMP-9 in mammary secretion of cows increases drastically following milk-stasis, which is partially explained by increases of both neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil degranulation per se. Since MMP-9 represents one of the major remodeling capacities in the mammary gland of cows during early dry period, the current study attempted to explore the involved intracellular mechanisms in the up-regulated MMP-9 secretion. We repeatedly measured on the somatic cells of mammary secretion along the early dry period of cows the expression of TNF-α protein and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK. Also, cultures of bovine peripheral neutrophils were conducted to examine the mode of short-term MMP-9 secretion in response to TNF-α stimulation and the blocking effects of TNF-α antibody and inhibitors of MAPK pathways. Ex vivo measurements show that conventional cow milk has fully transformed into a neutrophil-abundant, lactoferrin-rich, and high-MMP-9 mammary secretion by d 7 in milk-stasis. No significant (P>0.05) change, however, was found in the expression of TNF-α or the phosphorylation extent of MAPK pathway intermediates on the somatic cells of mammary secretion during the first 3 weeks in milk-stasis. In vitro studies indicate linear increase of short-term MMP-9 release in response to TNF-α stimulation in dosages between 0.1 and 10 ng/ml. In the presence of preparations of d 7-dry secretion of cows, the short-term release of MMP-9 from bovine peripheral neutrophils was significantly (P<0.05) blocked by inhibitor of p38 MAPK but was significantly (P<0.05) promoted by ERK inhibitor while TNF-α antibody or JNK inhibitor exerted no effect. In conclusion, the current ex vivo measurements suggest no apparent association of TNF-α and MAPK pathway with long term intramammary accumulation of MMP-9 during the early dry period of cows, whereas cultures of bovine peripheral neutrophils under a simulated acute involution intramammary environment of cows suggest a role played by TNF-α and MAPK pathways in the short-term MMP-9 release via degranulation.