Evolution of toxicity upon hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FE), a widely used herbicide, was studied in aqueous buffer solutions at pH ranging from 4.0 to 10.0. The degradation kinetics, strongly dependent on pH values, followed first-order kinetics. FE was relatively stable in neutral media, whereas it degraded rapidly with decreasing or increasing pH. In acidic conditions (pH = 4, 5), the benzoxazolyl-oxy-phenyl ether linkage of FE was cleaved to form ethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate (EHPP) and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one (CDHB). While in basic conditions (pH = 8, 9, 10), herbicidal activity fenoxaprop-p (FA) was formed via breakdown of the ester bond of the herbicide. Both the two pathways were concurrent in neutral conditions (pH = 6, 7). Toxicity studies on Daphnia magna showed that FE was most toxic to D. magna with 48 h EC(50) of 14.3 micromol/L, followed by FA (43.8 micromol/L), CDHB (49.8 micromol/L), and EHPP (333.1 micromol/L). Mode of toxic action analysis indicated that EHPP exhibited toxicity via polar narcosis, whereas CDHB belonged to reactive acing compound. The mixture toxicity of CDHB and EHPP was nonadditive and can be predicted by a response addition model. Therefore, the evaluation of overall FE toxicity to D. magna in the aquatic systems needs to consider the degradation of FE.     

Soil colloids-bound plasmid DNA: Effect on transformation of E. coli and resistance to DNase I degradation

The adsorption and binding of plasmid p34S DNA on four different colloidal fractions from a Brown soil and clay minerals in the presence of various Ca²⁺ concentrations, the ability of bound DNA to transform competent cells of CaCl₂-treated Escherichia coli, and the resistance of bound DNA to degradation by DNase I were studied. DNA adsorption on soil colloids and clay minerals was promoted in the presence of Ca²⁺. Kaolinite exhibited the highest adsorption affinity for DNA among the examined soil colloids and clay minerals. In comparison with organo-mineral complexes (organic clays) and fine clays (<0.2 μm), DNA was tightly adsorbed by H₂O₂-treated clays (inorganic clays) and coarse clays (0.2-2 μm). The transformation efficiency of bound DNA increased with increasing concentrations of Ca²⁺ at which soil colloid or clay mineral-DNA complexes were formed. DNA bound by kaolinite showed the lowest transformation efficiency, and especially no transformants were observed with kaolinite-DNA complex prepared at 5-100 mM Ca²⁺. Compared to organic clays and fine clays, DNA bound on inorganic clays and coarse clays showed a lower capacity to transform E. coli at different Ca²⁺ concentrations. The presence of soil colloids and minerals provided protection to DNA against degradation by DNase I. Montmorillonite, organic clays and fine clays showed stronger protective effects for DNA than inorganic clays and coarse clays. The protection mechanisms as well as the differences in transforming efficiency of plasmid DNA molecules bound on various soil colloidal particles are discussed. The information obtained in this study is of fundamental significance for the understanding of the horizontal dissemination of recombinant DNA and the fate of extracellular DNA in soil environments.     

对臭氧在温室蔬菜生产上应用的质疑

该文综合分析国内外有关近地面臭氧伤害作物,臭氧污染呈上升趋势的资料,以及对温室臭氧状况做尝试性监测后认为,因光化学反应,温室环境会存在臭氧污染,其浓度有可能达到伤害作物的程度.温室臭氧规律有待深入调查.温室中使用臭氧气体防治病虫害是个错误.     

玉米生长中的土壤呼吸及其受氮肥施用的影响

运用盆栽试验研究了玉米生长和施氮水平(N 150 mg kg-1和300 mg kg-1)对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明种植玉米的土壤呼吸速率(C)的变化范围为19. 6 ~ 762. 1 mg m-2h-1,而裸土为4. 3 ~ 36mg m-2h-1。在玉米生长的条件下,苗期土壤呼吸最低,73%的土壤呼吸分配在拔节孕穗期和成熟期。玉米生长中各阶段根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献在58%~98%,苗期最小。施氮对裸土呼吸速率无显著影响;在玉米生长的条件下,施用高氮的土壤呼吸比施用低氮高28%,且两种施氮水平下土壤呼吸的差异主要发生在生长中后期。玉米生长的条件下土壤呼吸与温度的相关性不显著,而裸土下土壤呼吸速率与气温、表土温度、5 cm土壤温度均呈极显著的相关性;裸土施用高氮下的土壤呼吸与温度的相关性大于低氮。总之,玉米生长和土壤施氮不仅影响土壤呼吸速率和呼吸量,也影响土壤呼吸在各生长阶段的分配,还影响到土壤呼吸与温度的关系。     

秸秆还田对西藏中部退化农田土壤微生物的影响

农作物的秸秆既含有相当数量的作物必需的碳、氮、磷、钾等营养元素,又具有改善土壤的理化性状和生物学性状、提高土壤肥力等作用[1]。土壤微生物是土壤的重要成分,通过它们的代谢活动,转化土壤中各种物质的形态,是构成土壤肥力的重要因素。土壤微生物控制着土壤生态系统的许多过程,行使的功能包括:有机物料的分解,土壤化学循环,土壤结构的形成,污染物的脱毒等。土壤微生物群体的改变可以作为预示土壤变化的指标[2]。近年来,在各种自然、人为因素的影响下,西藏中部地区农田土壤退化严重,农业可持续发展面临严重挑战。本实验研究了西藏中部春…     

南京郊区番茄地中氮肥的气态氮损失

采用田间试验研究了番茄地施用化学氮肥后的氨挥发、反硝化损失和N2O排放及其影响因素。氨挥发采用通气密闭室法测定，反硝化损失（N2＋N2O）采用乙炔抑制-土柱培养法测定，不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明，番茄生长期间全部处理均未检测到氨挥发，其原因是土表氨分压低于检测灵敏度，较低的氨分压是由于表层土壤的铵态氮浓度和pH都不高所致。在番茄生长期间，对照区即来自有机肥和土壤本身的反硝化损失和N2O℃排放量相当高，反硝化损失总量高达N29．6kghm^-2，N2O排放量为N7．76kghm^-2。施用化学氮肥显著增加了反硝化损失和N2O排放，3个施用化学氮肥处理的反硝化损失变化在N40．8～46．1kghm^-2之间，占施入化肥氮量的5．50％～6．01％；N2O排放量为N13．6～17．6kghm^-2，占施入化肥氮量的2．62％～4．92％；与尿素相比，包衣尿素未能显著减低反硝化损失和N2O排放。施用尿素的处理在每次追肥后，耕层土壤均会出现NO3^--N高峰，继之的反硝化和N2O排放高峰。反硝化速率与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。总的看来，番茄生长期间没有氨挥发，而硝化反硝化是氮素损失的重要途径之一。     

不同风沙土含水量因子的抗风蚀性

土地荒漠化是当今世界环境、社会和经济所面临的一个最大问题。它是以风沙活动为主要标志，包括土壤风蚀、风沙流、风沙沉积和沙丘前移的一系列过程，其中土壤风蚀是导致土地沙漠化的主要原因和首要环节。我国是世界上受沙漠化影响最严重的国家之一。全国沙漠、戈壁和沙漠化土地约为165．3万km^2，分布在干旱、半干旱地区以及部分半湿润地区。     

淹水土壤有机酸积累与秸秆碳氮比及氮供应的关系

有机酸积累和毒害是稻田秸杆还田中受到广泛关注的问题。本文以水稻与小麦秸杆为材料，采用淹水培养研究了甲酸、乙酸、丙酸及丁酸在士壤中的积累及其与秸秆碳氮比、氮肥添加量的关系。结果表明，在不施用氮肥的情况下。随秸秆用量的增加，秸秆处理的有机酸积累均显著增多。与稻秸处理相比，麦秸处理的有机酸（尤其足丙酸）积累量显著较高，土壤溶液中NH4^＋浓度显著较低。加入尿素明显减少有机酸积累，促进CH4排放，但对CO2的排放无显著影响；氮素的影响在麦秸处理中表现的尤为明显。上述结果说明麦秸的高碳氮比增加了无机氮的生物固定，抑制有机酸向CH4转化，从而导致麦秸处理有机酸积累量高于稻秸处理。施用氮肥是减少麦秸还田后有机酸积累的有效措施之一，但此措施将可能促进CH4的排放。     

基于EDEM的高精度施肥装置设计与试验

肥料利用率低的主要原因是施肥方式精度不高引起的,将条状施肥改变为穴式施肥,可使肥料的利用率得到提升。为此,基于EDEM采用现代化的离散元模型科技设计,对不同结构和作业参数下的排肥盘进行仿真分析计算,结果表明:肥料腔的形状、施肥装置的前进速度及施肥量均对排肥量的变异系数有着明显的影响,施肥装置的前进速度变快和施肥量的降低最终会导致排肥量的变异系数增大。通过仿真模型对比发现,相比较其他形状的肥料腔来说,整体呈现为圆弧形的肥料腔对于排肥量的稳定性最好,施肥装置在前进过程中对于肥料的扰动情况也最小。在传送带速度为7km/h、排肥量300kg/hm^2的条件下进行了试验验证,结果表明:圆弧形肥腔的稳定性最好,排肥量的合理率为94%,变异系数为6.5%,与仿真实验的结果呈现出了相同的规律,可应用到实际排肥作业当中。     

光质对作物生长发育影响研究进展

作物的生长是光形态建成的过程,光质在作物生长发育过程起重要的调节作用。该文综述了光质对作物形态建成、光合作用、物质代谢、基因表达的影响及其通过光受体和激素调节等方面作用机理的研究现状,展望了光质在作物方面的研究方向和途径,提出了光质对作物生长发育研究的意义和目的,以期为光质对作物生长发育影响的进一步研究提供参考。