基于主成分分析的不同茶树品种在湖北地区的适应性评价

为客观准确地评价19个茶树品种在湖北地区的适应性。本研究以‘福鼎大白茶’（CK）为对照,对19个茶树品种在湖北地区的茶苗成活率、新梢物候期、产量性状、制茶品质和抗逆性等指标进行系统比较分析,并应用主成分分析法对不同茶树品种在湖北地区的适应性进行综合评价。结果表明,在主成分分析时前3个主成分的累积方差贡献率达到76.96%,分别为“产量抗性因子”“物候期因子”“品质因子”;以前3个主成分的线性回归方程和贡献率构建适应性综合评价模型,综合得分超过CK的有10个品种,其中‘茶农98’‘鄂茶12’‘陕茶1号’和‘岚里香’4个品种的综合评价得分明显高于其他品种,为最适宜湖北及相似茶区推广应用品种;综合得分低于CK的有9个品种,其中‘白叶一号’‘中黄1号’‘漕溪1号’和‘鸟王106’4个品种的综合得分明显低于其他品种,为不适宜湖北及相似茶区推广应用品种。     

麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥管理对直播杂交稻氮素利用特征的影响

【目的】探明秸秆还田和氮肥管理对麦/油后直播杂交稻氮素积累、转运、氮肥利用效率及籽粒产量的影响。【方法】选用优质三系杂交稻宜香优2115,采用二因素裂区设计,麦、油茬田同步开展试验,处理完全一致。主区为麦/油秸秆全量翻埋还田(M₁)和秸秆不还田(对照,M₀),副区设4个氮肥管理,即不施氮对照(N₀)、m_基肥∶m_分蘖肥∶m_促花肥∶m_保花肥比例分别为1∶0∶0∶0(N₁)、3∶3∶2∶2(N₂)、2∶2∶3∶3(N₃),测定了直播杂交稻主要生育时期各器官的氮素积累量及籽粒产量。【结果】结果表明,两种轮作方式下,氮肥管理对直播杂交稻主要生育时期的氮素积累、齐穗后茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运及稻株氮素利用效率均存在显著或极显著的调控效应。秸秆还田显著提高麦/油茬杂交稻中后期的氮素积累量、茎鞘和叶片的氮素转运量以及氮肥利用效率,其中,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥表观利用率较秸秆不还田分别提高了34.96%/28.76%、2.52%/2.61%和31.91%/22.30%。同时,油菜秸秆还田下直播杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累和产量较麦秆还田表现更好,籽粒产量提高481 kg/hm²(5.22%)。M₁N₂处理、M₀N₃处理下,直播杂交稻各阶段的氮素积累速率明显加大,促进结实期茎鞘和叶片的氮素向穗部转运,成熟期稻株氮素积累量优势明显且有较高的氮素利用效率(麦/油茬稻氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率分别达17.87 kg∙kg^-1/17.85 kg∙kg^-1、67.27 kg∙kg^-1/71.28 kg∙kg^-1、74.93%/75.05%),最终实现高产。【结论】在麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆全量还田,配合N₂氮肥管理,可有效提高直播杂交稻氮素吸收、利用效率,增加籽粒产量,尤以油菜秸杆还田的效果更好。     

Reproductive polyphenism and its advantages in aphids: Switching between sexual and asexual reproduction

Reproductive polyphenism, which allows one genotype to produce sexual and asexual morphs, is an extreme case of phenotypic plasticity and is commonly observed in aphids. Aphids are typical species that switch these reproductive modes, and the pathway orientation is triggered by the environmental conditions(mainly photoperiod and temperature). The typical annual life of aphids includes a succession of parthenogenetic generations during the spring and summer and a single sexual generation in autumn. In this review, we describe how the environmental cues orientate the reproductive mode of aphids from photoperiodic perception to endocrine regulation, and how juvenile hormones may act on the target cells(oocytes) to initiate the gametogenesis and embryogenesis in sexual and asexual reproduction. We also discuss the paradox of sex, especially the advantages of sexual reproduction in aphids. With the recent development of genomic resources in aphids, many potential genes involved in the reproductive polyphenism will enter the public's awareness. In particular, we describe a novel RNAi method in aphids, which may provide a molecular technique for determining the developmental fate and multiple reproductive strategies.     

Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.     

农业科研单位研究生思想政治教育路径探究

习总书记强调办好思想政治理论课,最根本的是要全面贯彻党的教育方针,解决好培养什么人、怎样培养人、为谁培养人这个根本问题。新时代农业科研单位如何做好研究生科研管理过程中思政教育是摆在研究生教育面前的首要问题。文章从农业科研单位研究生培养的特点入手,分析当前思政教育存在的问题和制约性,并提出探究如何落实好思政教育的方式方法和可行性路径。     

六堡茶茶褐素体外降脂功效研究

考察六堡茶茶褐素体外结合胆酸盐能力、抑制胰脂肪酶活性及胆固醇酯酶活性能力、吸附胆固醇及油脂能力,从而评价其体外降脂活性。研究结果显示,六堡茶茶褐素对花生油的吸附量为0.73 g·g^-1,对胆固醇的吸附量在酸性条件下为122.42 mg·g^-1、中性条件下为13.68 mg·g^-1;在茶褐素结合胆酸盐的试验中,随着茶褐素浓度的增加,与胆酸盐结合能力也呈上升趋势;茶褐素对胰脂肪酶起激活作用,且随着浓度的增加呈持续上升趋势;对胆固醇酯酶活性抑制IC₅₀值为57.2 mg·mL^-1。六堡茶茶褐素降脂机制可能主要通过与胆酸盐结合、吸附胆固醇和脂肪来实现。     

高产优质抗病棉花新品种——K418

本文介绍了K418的选育过程、特征特性、产量表现、纤维品质、抗病性、适宜区域及栽培要点等。     

基于CLIMEX和ArcGIS的灰茶尺蠖在中国的潜在适生区预测

基于中国820个气象站点数据、灰茶尺蠖已知地理分布资料和生物学数据,结合CLIMEX模型与ArcGIS软件模拟预测灰茶尺蠖在中国目前及未来的潜在分布范围,评估灰茶尺蠖的潜在分布范围及气候变暖对其分布的潜在影响。结果表明,灰茶尺蠖在中国目前的适生区主要分布在3°51′N~40°6′N,适生区面积占全国总面积的34.27%。中国大部分省份的气候条件均适合灰茶尺蠖种群生长。随着气候的变化,灰茶尺蠖在中国的潜在适生区面积总体增幅不大,但其组成变化较大。至2050年,预测灰茶尺蠖高度适生区面积占比达最大（22.23%）。相比各种能源之间的平衡情景（A1B）,较高能源需求情景（A2）下灰茶尺蠖在陕甘宁地区向内陆扩张更快。灰茶尺蠖在中国适生区分布广泛,应加强灰茶尺蠖预测预报,趁早采取防控措施,以保障茶叶优质安全生产。     

盐胁迫下外源功能微生物调控水稻生长特征研究

以高产水稻品种中浙优1号为材料,设置2个盐胁迫处理(S0,正常生长条件;S1,盐逆境,3g NaCl/kg干土)和2个微生物处理(M0,对照;MM,荧光假单胞菌与巴西固氮螺菌共同接种水稻根际环境),研究了盐胁迫下外源功能微生物对水稻生长特征的影响。结果表明,与S0处理相比,S1处理下水稻植株生育期严重滞后,干物质积累量以及产量构成因子显著降低;与S1M0处理相比,S1MM处理可显著提高水稻剑叶光合速率、地上部干物质量以及产量构成因子。可见,荧光假单胞菌与巴西固氮螺菌进入稻田土壤可缓解盐逆境对水稻生长的抑制作用,提升水稻叶片光合能力、耐盐性能,并显著提高水稻分蘖能力和结实率,增加千粒重,进而增加水稻产量。