Long-term impacts of manure, straw, and fertilizer on amino sugars in a silty clay loam soil under temperate conditions

There is increasing evidence that microorganisms participate in soil C sequestration and stabilization in the form of resistant microbial residues. The type of fertilizers influences microbial activity and community composition; however, little is known about its effect on the microbial residues and their relative contribution to soil C storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term impact (21 years) of different fertilizer treatments (chemical fertilizer, crop straw, and organic manure) on microbial residues in a silty clay loam soil (Udolls, USDA Soil Taxonomy). Amino sugars were used to indicate the presence and origin of microbial residues. The five treatments were: CK, unfertilized control; NPK, chemical fertilizer NPK; NPKS₁, NPK plus crop straw; NPKS₂, NPK plus double amounts of straw; and NPKM, NPK plus pig manure. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments increased the total amino sugar concentrations (4.4–8.4 %) as compared with the control; and this effect was more evident in the plots that continuously received pig manure (P?<?0.05). The increase in total amino sugar stock was less pronounced in the straw-treated plots than the NPKM. These results indicate that the accumulation of soil amino sugars is largely influenced by the type of organic fertilizers entering the soil. Individual amino sugar enrichment in soil organic carbon was differentially influenced by the various fertilizer treatments, with a preferential accumulation of bacterial-derived amino sugars compared with fungal-derived glucosamine in manured soil.     

冻融循环下冷冻非发酵面团品质的变化及机理

为了探讨储运销售过程引起的冻融循环对冷冻非发酵面团品质的影响,利用低场核磁共振分析仪（LF-NMR）、质构仪与流变仪等对样品面团水分与蛋白质组分、质构与流变特性进行测定,研究冻融循环下冷冻非发酵面团品质变化。结果表明：5次冻融交替中,失水率显著上升,达至3.14%;总水分中半结合水含量在 F1后整体呈下降趋势,表明冻融循环过程中,半结合水不断散失;至第5次冻融时,醇溶蛋白含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,谷蛋白与谷蛋白大分子聚合物（GMP）含量至第4次冻融后均显著下降（P＜0.05）,分别降至2.26%与0.70%;生面坯剪切力显著上升,强韧性则与之相反;熟面坯硬度呈上升再下降趋势,黏性基本呈上升,弹性呈下降趋势;弹性模量G'与黏性模量G'均呈下降趋势,且在第4次时,tanδ（tanδ=G'/G'）至最大,表明G'的变化程度比G'大。由此可见,冻融循环致使冷冻非发酵面团品质有所下降。总而言之,冻融循环对冷冻非发酵面团的品质下降产生一定的负面影响。     

Gluten Enhances Cooking,Textural, and Sensory Properties of Oat Noodles

Whole grain oats are widely regarded as conferring significant health benefits. Composite flour of whole grain oat flour, wheat flour, and tapioca starch in the ratio 1:1:0.16 was formulated to make oat noodles with the addition of gluten at various levels. The influence of gluten on pasting and gelling properties of composite flour, and on cooking, textural, and sensory properties of salted oat noodles was evaluated. Addition of gluten decreased the paste viscosity, reduced hardness and springiness of gel, reduced cooking yield, cooking loss, and broken ratio during cooking, and increased the tensile strength and firmness of cooked noodles. Scanning electron microscopy showed that gluten tightened the network of protein in the noodles by forming oriented fibrils. Addition of gluten had little effect on the color of raw and cooked oat noodles, which were somewhat yellow. Sensory evaluation indicated that addition of gluten could enhance the overall acceptability of cooked oat noodles. This study may stimulate further interest in using functional whole grain cereal ingredients in developing healthy staple foods.     

Carbon and nitrogen storage in plant and soil as related to nitrogen and water amendment in a temperate steppe of northern China

We conducted a field-manipulated experiment to assess whether changes in precipitation and nitrogen (N) deposition alter ecosystem carbon (C) and N storage. Both C and N pools of plant and soil were monitored when urea-N (17.5 g N m⁻²) and water (increasing mean annual precipitation by 50%) were added to a temperate steppe. After 2 years of treatments, both N and water addition significantly increased soil inorganic N availability by 125% and 62% during the growing season. While water addition significantly increased ecosystem C storage by 6% and N storage by 8%, N addition showed significant effects on neither of them. There were no interactions between N and water addition to affect both total C and N storage in this ecosystem, though they did interact to affect several individual pools (e.g., aboveground biomass N pool, litter C, and N pool). Results from the present study indicate that water availability is more important than N availability for C sequestration and that increasing precipitation will favor C sequestration in this semi-arid grassland.     

Zinc fractions and availability to soybeans in representative soils of Northeast China

Purpose  

Limited information exists about the zinc (Zn) status of major soils in northeast China, and their ability to supply Zn to soybeans. This study aims to establish the critical concentrations of Zn in soil for plant growth, to characterize the Zn forms in soil, to correlate the concentration of various Zn forms with Zn uptake by soybeans, and to identify the most effective means of Zn application.     

Preparation and properties of a coated slow-release and water-retention biuret phosphoramide fertilizer with superabsorbent

In this investigation, a novel water-insoluble slow-release fertilizer, biuret polyphosphoramide (BPAM), was formulated and synthesized from urea, phosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4)), and ferric oxide (Fe(2)O(3)). The structure of BPAM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Subsequently, a coated slow-release BPAM fertilizer with superabsorbent was prepared by ionic cross-linked carboxymethylchitosan (the core), acrylic acid, acrylamide, and active carbon (the coating). The variable influences on the water absorbency were investigated and optimized. Component analysis results showed that the coated slow-release BPAM contained 5.66% nitrogen and 11.7% phosphorus. The property of water retention, the behavior of slow release of phosphorus, and the capacity of adsorption of cations were evaluated, and the results revealed that the product not only had good slow-release property and excellent water retention capacity but also higher adsorption capacities of cations in saline soil.     

四种限制性内切酶对美国白蛾核型多角体病毒DNA酶解分析

从HcNPV中直接分离提纯的DNA证明具有典型的紫外吸收光谱。经琼脂糖电泳后是一条带谱。用限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ、PstⅠ、BglⅡ、PVUⅡ酶解,经琼脂糖平板电泳分别产生19、22、18、22条核酸片段。以λDNA-EcoRⅠ和λDNA-HindⅢ片段作参考,计算出各片段分子量大小,积加得平均值为94.0445×10~8。     

大鼠肌肉卫星细胞的分离、鉴定与诱导分化

肌肉卫星细胞是组织特异性干细胞,负责着骨骼肌的生长和再生.尽管发现卫星细胞的存在已经有50多年的历史了,但分离鉴定肌肉卫星细胞的方法仍然不稳定.本研究使用两步酶消化和差速贴壁相结合的方法分离大鼠(Rattus norve gicus)肌肉卫星细胞.免疫细胞化学染色显示,分离的大鼠肌肉卫星细胞高表达Desmin;通过RT-PCR鉴定所分离的细胞表达肌源性干细胞因子Myf5及Myod1;成肌诱导48h后,卫星细胞开始形成多核的肌管;成脂诱导1周后,细胞内开始出现脂滴,2周后充脂细胞明显增多.研究结果提示,分离的卫星细胞具有肌源性,有发育形成肌管和向成脂细胞分化的能力.     

新疆多浪羊FecB突变检测及与产羔数的关系

骨形态发生蛋白受体IB基因(BMPR-IB)FecB突变是影响布鲁拉美利奴和小尾寒羊高繁殖力的主效基因.本研究采集产双羔及以上的多浪羊(Ovis aries)母羊135只及后代羔羊血样共353份,公羊血样211份,利用PCR-RFLP技术检测FecB突变,并分析不同基因型个体母羊的产羔数.结果表明:在多浪羊群体中检测到BB、B+和++基因型,基因型频率分别为0.005,0.146和0.849.B+型多浪羊产羔数均值比++型多0.51只(P<0.01),BB型多浪羊产羔数分别与B+和++型差异不显著.多浪羊群体在FecB位点上处于Hard-Weinberg平衡状态,表明在该位点上没有受到选择的影响.本研究首次在新疆多浪羊群体中发现了FecB突变BB基因型公、母羊个体(1只公羊和2只母羊),揭示多浪羊多羔产生的机理可能与布鲁拉美利奴和小尾寒羊相同,在生产过程中可以根据携带FecB突变的情况开展选种选配,组建多浪羊肉用高繁品系.     

含水率和压缩频率对秸秆开式压缩能耗的影响

为了减少生物质秸秆压缩能耗,优化压缩工艺,以小麦秸秆（品种：农大211）,玉米秸秆（品种：农大108）为研究对象,模拟生物质秸秆压缩成型实际工况,利用INSTRON 3367材料试验机和自制压缩筒组件进行了“开式”压缩试验,研究了含水率分别为15%、35%和55%的小麦秸秆以及25%、45%和65%的玉米秸秆在3个不同压缩频率0.5、0.75和1次/min下的成型压缩比能耗。结果表明：小麦秸秆在含水率55%和压缩频率0.5次/min时压缩比能耗最小;玉米秸秆在含水率65%和压缩频率为0.5次/min时压缩比能耗最小。统计结果表明,秸秆压缩比能耗随着含水率的增高和压缩频率的降低而减少;含水率和压缩频率对压缩比能耗影响均显著。