Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

花生壳黄酮的提取纯化工艺

本文采用酶法预处理结合超声波辅助提取的方式,最大程度地提高了花生壳总黄酮的得率,并优化大孔树脂纯化工艺,提高了有效成分的纯度。花生壳黄酮的最佳提取工艺为：花生壳粉与水混合,半纤维素酶与木聚糖酶按1:1（m/m）复配,用量0.25‰,50℃酶解30 min后,按料液比1:20（m/V）加入乙醇至终浓度60%,于功率1000 W,55℃超声波辅助提取60 min,花生壳总黄酮的得率约为2.5%。选用D101型大孔树脂,上样缓冲液为pH 5.0的60%乙醇溶液,洗脱液为pH 10.0的70% 乙醇溶液,上样与洗脱流速为0.75 BV/h和1.5 BV/h。纯化后的花生壳总黄酮和木犀草素的纯度分别为10.54%和5.85%,提高了90%和120%。     

马铃薯晚疫病病菌对四种杀菌剂的交互抗性

通过测定甲霜灵敏感菌株和抗性菌株对甲霜灵、恶霜灵、霜脲氰、薯瘟锡的抗药水平和抗药类型以确定致病疫霉对此 4种内吸性杀菌剂的交互抗性关系。结果表明 ,致病疫霉对甲霜灵、恶霜灵、薯瘟锡三者间具有正交互抗性 ,此 3种药剂与霜脲氰间无交互抗性关系     

三氯吡氧乙酸对小麦的安全性及生物活性评价

三氯吡氧乙酸属人工合成激素类除草剂,具有用量少、活性高、选择性强等优势。为明确其在小麦田的应用技术,采用整株水平生物法测定了其对10个安徽主栽小麦品种的安全性及对阔叶杂草的生物活性。结果显示,三氯吡氧乙酸对多种阔叶杂草具有较好的活性,在供试剂量288 g(a.i.)·hm^-2时,对荠菜、球序卷耳、大巢菜、宝盖草、葎草、猪殃殃、鳢肠、鬼针草、野老鹳、播娘蒿、牛繁缕、小飞蓬、羊蹄、车前草、青葙活性较好,鲜重抑制率达90.39%~100%;在用量72 g(a.i.)·hm^-2时,对葎草鲜重抑制率达100%,对播娘蒿、荠菜、牛繁缕、球序卷耳、大巢菜、小飞蓬、羊蹄、猪殃殃的活性次之,鲜重抑制率在60.44%~84.30%之间;其对阿拉伯婆婆纳、荠菜、播娘蒿、野老鹳的GR₅₀值分别为97.13、43.03、48.58、54.37 g(a.i.)·hm^-2。安全性结果表明,在用量576 g(a.i.)·hm^-2时,对10个供试小麦品种均较安全,株高抑制率和鲜重抑制率分别在2.98%~13.34%和3.29%~17.47%之间。三氯吡氧乙酸在4种供试小麦烟农999、荃麦725、安农0711、淮麦44和杂草阿拉伯婆婆纳、荠菜、播娘蒿、野老鹳草之间的选择性指数在2.39~12.70之间,表明该药剂在供试小麦与杂草间具有良好的选择性。     

高产高效栽培下春玉米生育后期冠层结构及其光合特性的研究

以郑单958为供试品种,设高产高效栽培(GCGX)和农户传统栽培(CK)2个处理,于2012年和2013年连续2 a进行田间试验,测定春玉米生育后期冠层结构及其光合特性的变化规律。结果表明：吐丝期和乳熟期株高、穗位高产高效栽培略高于农户传统栽培。与农户传统栽培相比,高产高效栽培春玉米叶面积指数较大,在生育期上表现为吐丝之后更为明显,在叶位上表现为棒三叶以下叶片最为突出;不同叶位的叶倾角高产高效栽培显著小于农户传统栽培,而叶向值均显著大于农户传统栽培,在棒三叶表现最为明显;高产高效栽培生育后期净光合速率显著高于农户传统栽培,冠层光合能力极显著高于农户传统栽培。高产高效栽培下春玉米产量为14.009 t·hm^-2(2012)和13.255 t·hm^-2(2013),均极显著高于农户传统栽培。     

中国农业面源污染排放的空间差异及其动态演变

以2003—2014年为研究时段,在测算农业面源污染排放强度的基础上,综合运用基尼系数和非参数估计方法,研究我国农业面源污染的空间差异及其动态演变,结果表明:1)我国农业面源污染排放总体下降,且表现出明显的空间差异,东部和中部地区的排放强度较高,西部和东北地区则相对较低。2)2003—2014年,中国农业面源污染排放强度的区域差异略微扩大,地区间差异是其总体差异的主要来源。3)核密度估计结果表明,中国农业面源污染排放总体差异表现为"下降-上升-下降"的波动变化趋势。4)马尔科夫链分析表明,中国农业面源污染在不同类型间的相互流动较为微弱,但从长期来看,存在向两极分化发展的趋势特征。     

离体叶段喷雾法建立小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮的敏感基线及其监测技术

为建立小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮抗药性的离体叶段喷雾法监测标准,采用该方法测定了2013年采自河南、河北省部分麦区的101个小麦白粉病菌野生菌株对三唑酮的敏感性。结果表明,小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮敏感性的EC50范围为0.239 8~7.558 5μg·mL-1,平均为3.561 2±1.881 3μg·mL-1;其敏感性均呈连续单峰曲线分布,可作为喷雾防治时小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮杀菌剂的敏感性基线。     

鸡毒霉形体黏附素截短蛋白表达条件的优化

研究了培养温度、培养时间、培养基pH值以及异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(isopropylthio-β-D-galacto-side,IPTG)浓度等不同条件对鸡毒霉形体黏附素截短蛋白在大肠杆菌中表达量的影响。经SDS-PAGE分析表明:诱导温度为28℃、诱导时间为9 h、培养基pH值为7.0、IPTG浓度为0.010 mmol/L时目的蛋白在细菌裂解沉淀和上清液中均最大量表达,分别达到30%和17%左右。上清液经GST.Bind Resin亲和层析分离纯化后,洗脱产物中pMGAⅣ融合蛋白纯度高达95%。Western-blot分析表明,该蛋白可被鸡毒霉形体阳性血清识别,具有较好的免疫学活性。     

ENR基因在高油和普通玉米自交系中的克隆和表达分析

利用高油玉米自交系By804和普通玉米自交系B73为材料,克隆Enoyl-ACP reductase(ENR)基因,同时比较ENR基因的序列和表达差异。结果表明,ENR基因编码蛋白在高油和普通玉米中氨基酸序列完全一致;在授粉后15,25和35 d的胚中,ENR基因呈下调表达,在同一发育时期,ENR基因在高油玉米By804中较高表达。