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41.
Willerslev E Hansen AJ Binladen J Brand TB Gilbert MT Shapiro B Bunce M Wiuf C Gilichinsky DA Cooper A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5620):791-795
Genetic analyses of permafrost and temperate sediments reveal that plant and animal DNA may be preserved for long periods, even in the absence of obvious macrofossils. In Siberia, five permafrost cores ranging from 400,000 to 10,000 years old contained at least 19 different plant taxa, including the oldest authenticated ancient DNA sequences known, and megafaunal sequences including mammoth, bison, and horse. The genetic data record a number of dramatic changes in the taxonomic diversity and composition of Beringian vegetation and fauna. Temperate cave sediments in New Zealand also yielded DNA sequences of extinct biota, including two species of ratite moa, and 29 plant taxa characteristic of the prehuman environment. Therefore, many sedimentary deposits may contain unique, and widespread, genetic records of paleoenvironments. 相似文献
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Gilbert MT Kivisild T Grønnow B Andersen PK Metspalu E Reidla M Tamm E Axelsson E Götherström A Campos PF Rasmussen M Metspalu M Higham TF Schwenninger JL Nathan R De Hoog CJ Koch A Møller LN Andreasen C Meldgaard M Villems R Bendixen C Willerslev E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5884):1787-1789
The Paleo-Eskimo Saqqaq and Independence I cultures, documented from archaeological remains in Northern Canada and Greenland, represent the earliest human expansion into the New World's northern extremes. However, their origin and genetic relationship to later cultures are unknown. We sequenced a mitochondrial genome from a Paleo-Eskimo human by using 3400-to 4500-year-old frozen hair excavated from an early Greenlandic Saqqaq settlement. The sample is distinct from modern Native Americans and Neo-Eskimos, falling within haplogroup D2a1, a group previously observed among modern Aleuts and Siberian Sireniki Yuit. This result suggests that the earliest migrants into the New World's northern extremes derived from populations in the Bering Sea area and were not directly related to Native Americans or the later Neo-Eskimos that replaced them. 相似文献
44.
Persson L Amundsen PA De Roos AM Klemetsen A Knudsen R Primicerio R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5832):1743-1746
Many top-predator fish stocks in both freshwater and marine systems have collapsed as a result of overharvesting. Consequently, some of these communities have shifted into seemingly irreversible new states. We showed, for predators feeding on prey that exhibit food-dependent growth, that culling of fish prey may promote predator recovery. We removed old stunted individuals of a prey-fish species in a large, low-productive lake, which caused an increase in the availability of small-sized prey and allowed the predator to recover. The shift in community state has been sustained for more than 15 years after the cull ended and represents an experimental demonstration of an alternative stable state in a large-scale field system. Because most animals exhibit food-dependent growth, shifts into alternative stable states resulting from overcompensating prey growth may be common in nature and may require counterintuitive management strategies. 相似文献
45.
46.
Treusch S Hamamichi S Goodman JL Matlack KE Chung CY Baru V Shulman JM Parrado A Bevis BJ Valastyan JS Han H Lindhagen-Persson M Reiman EM Evans DA Bennett DA Olofsson A DeJager PL Tanzi RE Caldwell KA Caldwell GA Lindquist S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6060):1241-1245
Aβ (beta-amyloid peptide) is an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We modeled Aβ toxicity in yeast by directing the peptide to the secretory pathway. A genome-wide screen for toxicity modifiers identified the yeast homolog of phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) and other endocytic factors connected to AD whose relationship to Aβ was previously unknown. The factors identified in yeast modified Aβ toxicity in glutamatergic neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans and in primary rat cortical neurons. In yeast, Aβ impaired the endocytic trafficking of a plasma membrane receptor, which was ameliorated by endocytic pathway factors identified in the yeast screen. Thus, links between Aβ, endocytosis, and human AD risk factors can be ascertained with yeast as a model system. 相似文献
47.
Carbon and chromite fractions from the Allende meteorite that contain isotopically anomalous xenon-131 to xenon-136 (carbonaceous chondrite fission or CCF xenon) at up to 5 x 10(11) atoms per gram show no detectable isotopic anomalies in barium-130 to barium-138. This rules out the possibility that the CCF xenon was formed by in situ fission of an extinct superheavy element. Apparently the CCF xenon and its carbonaceous carrier are relics from stellar nucleosynthesis. 相似文献
48.
K.E. Anders Ohlsson Bhupinderpal Singh Anders Nordgren Peter Högberg 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(12):2273-2276
The δ13C of soil-respired CO2 (δr) is frequently determined using static closed chamber methods. δr is obtained as the intercept of the least squares linear regression of δ vs 1/C*, where measured δ13C-CO2 (δ) and volume fraction of CO2 (C*) values of chamber headspace samples are used. Theoretically, we show that the variance of the estimate of δr can be reduced by extending the 1/C* interval of the regression towards (i) higher or (ii) lower values, or (iii) distributing the 1/C* values optimally within the pre-selected headspace CO2 sampling time period. Experimental applications of these approaches indicated that: (1) lowering the initial CO2 level, thereby increasing 1/C*, yielded a positive bias to the δr result. (2) It was feasible to obtain lower variance in the δr estimate by lowering 1/C* values through extended CO2 sampling time. We also recommend that each chamber is sampled only once, mainly because this allows freedom to select the sampling times, in order to optimize the distribution of 1/C* values. 相似文献
49.
Maria Berdén Nicholas Clarke Lars -Göran Danielsson Anders Sparén 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1994,72(1-4):213-233
We have compared a new FIA method (M1) for aluminium speciation in natural waters and a manual one based on one of Driscoll's proposals (M2). In synthetic solutions, aluminium's fluoro complexes were measured as ‘labile monomeric AP (Al i ) by M2, but not as ‘quickly reacting Al’ (Al qr ) by M1. Aluminium's complexes with Nordic Reference Humic Acid were measured neither as Al i nor as Al qr , and the same result was obtained for Al's citrato complexes. After excluding aluminium's fluoro complexes from Al i , the results of the two methods agreed well for soil leaching samples and fairly well for natural water samples. Detection limits: 10μg L?1 (ca. 0.4 μM) for both methods. Sample throughputs: M1∶66 injections h?1; M2∶5 samples h?1. Repeatabilities (RSD) on natural water samples: M1∶0.6–5.8% and M2 0.7–4.6%. Sample storage studies on soil solutions (FIA method) indicated that storage effects were ‘sample type specific’. A sample with a low level of Al qr and a high DOC level (P2A) was more sensitive to storage than one with a high [Al] qr and a low [DOC] (P2B*). The decrease in [Al] qr was statistically significant after 10 h (P2A) and 24 h (P2B*), respectively. After 3 days' storage, [Al] qr had decreased by some 40% in P2A, while the decrease in P2B* was less than 10% after 8 days. The results of this part of the study also emphasize the importance of careful method standardization in sample storage studies. 相似文献
50.
This review summarizes independent reports of yield decreases in several agricultural systems that are associated with repeated cropping under wet or submerged soil conditions. Crop and soil data from most of these agroecosystems have led researchers to attribute yield decreases to a reduction in crop uptake of N mineralized from soil organic matter (SOM). These trends are most evident in several long-term field experiments on continuous lowland rice systems in the Philippines, but similar trends are evident in a continuous rice rotation in Arkansas, USA and with no-till cropping systems in North American regions with cool, wet climatic conditions in Spring. Soil analyses from some of these systems have found an accumulation of phenolic lignin compounds in SOM. Phenolic compounds covalently bind nitrogenous compounds into recalcitrant forms in laboratory conditions and occurrence of this chemical immobilization under field conditions would be consistent with field observations of reduced soil N supply. However, technological shortcomings have precluded its demonstration for naturally formed SOM. Through recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, agronomically significant quantities of lignin-bound N were found in a triple-cropped rice soil in the Philippines. A major research challenge is to demonstrate in the anaerobic agroecosystems that these lignin residues bind sufficient quantities of soil N to cause the observed yield decreases. A key objective will be to elucidate the cycling dynamics of lignin-bound N relative to the seasonal pattern of crop N demand. Anaerobic decomposition of crop residues may be the key feature of anaerobic cropping systems that promotes the accumulation of phenolic lignin residues and hence the covalent binding of soil N. Potential mitigation options include improved timing of applied N fertilizer, which has already been shown to reverse yield decreases in tropical rice, and aerobic decomposition of crop residues, which can be accomplished through field drainage or timing of tillage operations. Future research will evaluate whether aerobic decomposition promotes the formation of phenol-depleted SOM and greater in-season N mineralization, even when the soil is otherwise maintained under flooded conditions during the growing season. 相似文献