Protein recovery in soymilk and various soluble fractions as a function of genotype differences, changes during heating, and homogenization

Harovinton, a variety of tofu type soybean, and 11 derived null soybean genotypes lacking specific glycinin (11S) and beta-conglycinin (7S) protein subunits were investigated to determine whether changes in protein composition affected the protein recovery in soymilk and its soluble fractions after various centrifugation steps. As both heating and homogenization have a marked effect on the increase in protein solubility, the changes occurring during these processing steps were studied for each soybean genotype. Harovinton and 11S-null genotypes showed significantly higher protein yields than the other genotypes evaluated. Subunits of group I (A(1), A(2)) of glycinin had a negative impact on protein solubility in all treatments, but this effect was the greatest in unheated soymilk samples. Samples containing a high beta-conglycinin to glycinin ratio showed an effect of heating on the solubility of the protein, as beta-conglycinin subunits aggregate with heating. The presence of the alpha' subunit of beta-conglycinin aids in the recovery of protein in the supernatant prepared from lines containing group I (A(1,4) A(2)) glycinin. The results of this study will help determine which specific protein composition will confer an increased stability in soymilk and soymilk-derived products.     

我们对家禽的疫苗反应了解多少

免疫接种是控制和根除传染性病原微生物的常用手段之一。在设计有效而经济的免疫程序时,每个鸡场都有其独特的具体情况需要加以考虑。     

饲料卫生和家禽健康

每年，仅仅肉鸡就合消耗一亿吨以上的成品饲料。饲料产品中一小部分受到污染就会使养鸡者和消费者付出高昂的代价。污染的饲料是不卫生的，不适合用于饲喂畜禽，因为这样的饲料合危害育禽的生产性能参数，比如健康、体重、饲料转化率、死亡率以及蛋鸡和种鸡的产蛋率。     

Schistosoma bovis whole egg antigen did not protect Zebu calves against experimental schistosomosis

Six calves were immunized with whole egg antigen of Schistosoma bovis emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. The immune response was monitored by agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using AGID and ELISA, antibodies to whole egg antigen were detected in sera from all immunized calves, but not in sera from control calves. The immunized calves and six control calves were challenged 6 months after the beginning of the immunization with 20 000 cercariae of Schistosoma bovis administered percutaneously to the shaved tail. There was no significant difference between the immunized and the control calves as judged by fecal and tissue egg counts, worm recovery and hematological parameters. There was a lack of association between antibody production and protection.     

Effect of press cycle time and resin content on physical and mechanical properties of particleboard panels made from the underutilized low-quality raw materials

In this study, the influence of press cycle time and resin content (RC) on some of the physical and mechanical properties of single-layer particleboard manufactured from the low-quality raw materials were determined. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), saltcedar (Tamarix stricta) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) wood, which is underutilized invasive species in southern parts of Iran, were used as alternative raw materials for particleboard manufacturing. Variable factors were as resin content (9, 10 and 11%) and press time (PT) (4, 5 and 6 min). Other parameters such as type of resin (UF), hardener content (2%), type of hardener (NH₄Cl), press-closing time (4.5 mm/s), board density (0.75 g/cm³), press pressure (30 kg/m²) and press temperature (160 °C) were held constant. The experimental panels were tested for their mechanical strength including modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding (IB) and physical stability properties (thickness swelling) according to the procedures defined by European Union (EN) Standard. Overall results showed that most panels made from above-mentioned materials exceed the EN Standards for IB, MOE and MOR. The mechanical properties of particleboard were improved as the resin content increased from 9 to 11%. The results indicated that the polymerization of resin and wood is better at 11% resin content and 5 min of press time. However, thickness-swelling (TS) values were higher (poor) than requirements. Panels made of mesquite, saltcedar and date palm with a resin content of 11% and pressed for 5 min is adequate for general uses while eucalyptus with a resin content of 11% and pressed for 6 min is suitable for interior decoration.     

The effects of electromagnetic field on the microstructure of seminal vesicles in rat: a light and transmission electron microscope study

In the industrial world, almost everyone is unavoidably exposed to ambient electromagnetic field (EMF) generated from various technical and household appliances. Controversy exists about the effects of EMF on various tissues of the living bodies. Seminal vesicles as one of these accessory glands play an important role in natural seminal fluid formation and the effects of EMF on its tissue is worthy of investigation. In order to examine this 30 rat were selected and kept for one weeks in quarantine and 15 (experimental group) were exposed to 50 Hz (non-ionizing radiation) during postnatal life for 2 months. The materials were processed and observed under a light and transmission electron microscope. In the experimental rats epithelial and basal cells showed significant destructions presented by heterochromatin and dense nuclei. Cell debris and abnormal areas was recognizable in the stromal connective tissue. Obvious vacuolization was present within the epithelial cell cytoplasm and also between the cellular organelles. The nuclei of the endothelial cells of the blood vessels were more rigid and endothelial cell cytoplasm contained a lot of vacuoles and pinoctotic vesicles. The results suggested that EMF exposure may cause profound changes in the vesicle seminal tissues. Therefore exposure to EMF may result in pathological changes that lead to sub fertility and infertility.     

Nonionic surfactant and interfacial structure impact crystallinity and stability of β-carotene loaded lipid nanodispersions

The stability, crystallization, and melting behavior of canola stearin (CaSt) solid lipid nanoparticle dispersions (SLN) and canola oil-in-water emulsions (COE) with 10 wt % Poloxamer 188 (P188) or Tween 20 (T20) with and without 0.1 wt % β-carotene (BC) were investigated. Particles or droplets with diameters in the range of 115 nm were formed and stable for up to 90 days at 4 or 20 °C. Polymorphism was affected by surfactant type; that is, only β versus both β' and β were observed for the P188 and T20 SLN, respectively. According to Cryo-TEM, the emulsions and SLN were spherical versus platelet-like structures, respectively, with differences observed between SLN with P188 or T20. More surfactant was interfacially adsorbed in the SLN versus COE. Incorporation of BC at 0.1 wt % had no impact on SLN or COE size, polymorphism, or melting behavior. Less BC degradation was observed for the SLN versus COE and during storage at 4 versus 20 °C (p < 0.05).     

Genetic diversity,population structure and differentiation of rice species from Niger and their potential for rice genetic resources conservation and enhancement

Rice genetic resources conservation and evaluation is crucial to ensure germplasm sources for further crop breeding. We conducted a wide collection of Oryza species in Niger and characterize its diversity with microsatellites (or simple sequence repeats, SSR). The aims of this research were to get a better understanding of the extent of genetic diversity, its structure and partition within rice eco-geographical zones of Niger. There were 264 accessions found in farmers’ and other fields: 173 O. sativa (Asia’s rice), 65 O. glaberrima (Africa’s rice), 25 O. barthii, and 1 O. longistaminata (weedy perennial rice), which were genotyped with 18 SSR. A total of 178 alleles were detected, with a mean of 9.89 alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content was 0.65 and heterozygosity was estimated as 0.14. Two main well-differentiate genotypic groups, which correspond to Asian and African rice species, were identified. The SSR set divided the Asia’s rice group (solely indica) into irrigated and floating rice, with rainfed lowland rice in between. The African rice species group was composed of O. glaberrima, O. longistaminata and O. barthii accessions, but without any clear genetic differentiation among them likely due admixtures within the samples of O. barthii. Five accessions that could be natural interspecific hybrids were too admixed for assigning them to any of the two well-differentiated groups. The partitioning of the overall diversity showed that maximum variation was within genotypic groups and subgroups or cropping ecologies, rather than between eco-geographical zones. The eco-geographical distribution of the diversity suggests germplasm exchange in Niger. Next-steps for conserving rice and crop wild relatives in Niger could be taken using the findings of this research.