The invertebrate fauna of grassland and its influence on productivity. II. Factors affecting the abundance and composition of the fauna

The main factors affecting the abundance and composition of the invertebrate fauna in grassland are reviewed. Old grasslands with species-rich swards and complex structure support an abundant and diverse fauna compared with uniform leys with few species. Seasonal and successional changes in the sward are accompanied by equally marked changes in the invertebrate community. Climate and weather have a major influence, but their effects may be modified locally by the availability of shelter. Soil physical and chemical characteristics influence the soil fauna directly and the above ground fauna indirectly through the vegetation. Food quality as determined by physical and chemical plant characteristics strongly influences invertebrate growth, reproduction and mortality. The main biotic factors affecting abundance are natural enemies and disease; these, in combination with weather and food quality, are often the main agents in determining population density in natural communities.
Management practices such as grazing, cutting, fertilizer application, burning, soil water control and pesticide use profoundly influence the sward and induce correspondingly great changes in the invertebrate community.     

Drosophila CENH3 is sufficient for centromere formation

CENH3 is a centromere-specific histone H3 variant essential for kinetochore assembly. Despite its central role in centromere function, there has been no conclusive evidence supporting CENH3 as sufficient to determine centromere identity. To address this question, we artificially targeted Drosophila CENH3 (CENP-A/CID) as a CID-GFP-LacI fusion protein to stably integrated lac operator (lacO) arrays. This ectopic CID focus assembles a functional kinetochore and directs incorporation of CID molecules without the LacI-anchor, providing evidence for the self-propagation of the epigenetic mark. CID-GFP-LacI-bound extrachromosomal lacO plasmids can assemble kinetochore proteins and bind microtubules, resulting in their stable transmission for several cell generations even after eliminating CID-GFP-LacI. We conclude that CID is both necessary and sufficient to serve as an epigenetic centromere mark and nucleate heritable centromere function.     

Influence of seed tuber infestation,chemical seed treatment,and pre-harvest climate on incidence of gangrene and dry rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary In each of the five years 1978 to 1982, seed lots of cv. Bintje, variously infested byPhoma foveata Foister andFusarium solani var.coeruleum (Sacc.) Booth, as found by wound and cut tests, respectively, were planted in a series of field experiments at six sites in Sweden. A statistically significant relationship between seed and progeny infestation was found forP. foveata each year, and in three years forF. solani. Benomyl and thiabendazole mist treatments of seed tubers at grading in spring controlled the development of gangrene and dry rot in treated seed tubers, but did not consistently reduce the levels ofP. foveata andF. solani infestation in progeny from treated seed tubers. The site of cultivation markedly influenced mean levels ofP. foveata infestation, which were found to be related to temperature and rainfall during a 40 day pre-harvest period at the trail sites; however, mean levels ofF. solani infestation were not so related.     

冰核细菌的定量分离研究

 冰核细菌可能是自然界中诱发和加重霜冻敏感植物发生霜冻害的重要原因之一。由于单个的冰核细菌细胞并不具有冰核活性,因此,研究植物上冰核细菌的种群数量或密度是研究冰核细菌与植物霜冻害关系的关键。从云南省的元江、寻甸、河口、呈贡、临沧、陆良、宣威、曲靖、富民、昆明市官渡区及越南老街等地采集到108种植物共166个标样中,有45个标样分离共到71株冰核细菌,标样中冰核细菌的检出率为27.1％,最低密度为6.0×10⁴ CFU/g,最高密度为5.12×10⁹ CFU/g。其余121个标样经再次分离未检测冰核细菌,占总标样数的72.9％。在云南植物上,用稀释平板法可检测冰核细菌的最低密度为2.0×10⁴ CFU／g.     

NSH--A型洗涤剂的研制

研制了NSH--A型洗涤剂,该剂是一种弱碱性水基(pH=8.9)金属油污垢清洗剂,能有效地清洗任何金属表面的油污,尤其是适合清洗钢、铝及其合金制品的表面 ,净洗力为92.5%,腐蚀率为0.     

四明湖水库浮游生物现状调查及评价

2006-2007年分4次对余姚四明湖水库水质理化指标、浮游生物群落结构进行了调查,并进行了多样性指数分析及渔产潜力估算。结果表明,四明湖水库浮游植物种类共计8门、47种(属),其中以绿藻为最优势类群,占总密度的36.2%;浮游动物共计3大类、30种,其中原生动占40%;浮游植物年均生物量为10.20mg/L,浮游动物年均生物量2.36mg/L。从水体理化指标数据来看,四明湖水库水质属于II～IV类;从浮游植物群落结构和多样性指数分析结果来看,水库属于富营养水平;根据相关公式估算四明湖水库的鱼产潜力为2076kg/hm2。     

基于可变移动窗口方法估算太湖泥沙环流运动的本征尺度

基于遥感反演获得的太湖悬浮泥沙浓度数据,利用移动窗口方法,分析探讨了平均局部方差和移动窗口尺寸的关系。在90～1 860 m移动窗口尺寸变化范围内,太湖悬浮泥沙浓度的平均局部方差随着移动窗口尺寸的增大而增大,且抛物线模型能较好的描述2者的关系,回归系数0.9959。通过对抛物线模型求最大值可知,局部方差最大值所对应的移动窗口尺寸为2 308.33 m,根据当时的风速和风向,考虑泥沙浓度空间分布与水体运动之间的相关性,该尺寸可以解释为太湖逆时针环流的本征尺度。     

Vital population statistics of the exploited eel stock on the Swedish west coast

The population dynamics and exploitation of the yellow eel (Anguilla anguilla (L.)) stock on the Swedish west coast were studied. In contrast to a generally observed reduction in the recruitment of glass eels in Europe, including in Swedish waters, there was no indication of a decline in the total eel fishery yields along the Swedish west coast. Long-term records of daily catches as well as by test fishing results also shown that this stability in eel fishery yields has not been maintained by an increase in fishery effort, as the catch-per-unit-efforts in the past 20 years have been more or less unchanged. These findings implied that the number of recruits to the fishery has been rather stable, possibly indicating that density-dependent factors at the elver and yellow eel stages may moderate variations in glass eel recruitment. Total instantaneous rate of mortality was estimated from records on eel length distribution in the professional fyke-net fishery. The estimated total mortality rate in an isolated archipelago population on the west coast was chosen as an approximation of the instantaneous rate of natural mortality and net emigration in the west coast eel stock. The differences between these two estimates could, thus be regarded as the mortality that occurred due to fishing. It was found that the eel fishery was very intense and most fish were caught in small sizes, resulting in a low escapement rate of maturing fish.     

山东半岛南部沿岸中国对虾放流数量对秋汛产量的影响

根据１９８３～１９９８年山东半岛南部沿海对虾放流增殖结果,对秋汛对虾产量与放流数量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：秋汛对虾产量随放流数量的增加而增加,二者呈Ｙ＝３６３．７＋１２６．４Ｘ相关关系（ｒ＝０．９１８）。