基于WSN的油菜生长环境数据采集系统

针对传统作物生长环境数据获取手段实时性差、劳动强度大以及部署微型自动气象站和商用Zigbee产品成本高、开放性较差等问题，设计并实现了一种基于WSN的油菜生长环境数据采集系统。提出了轻量级的能量感知路由协议CLFP，并给出了软硬件的相关设计方法。仿真和大田试验结果表明，系统温度采集精度最高可达0.01 ℃，测湿精度达±5%，光强采集范围为1~65 535 lx，可并发的数据传输达到36路，可满足农业现场环境数据的较高测量要求。在标称电源供电情况下，系统实际有效生存周期超过142 d，由于采用AT89C51和nRF2401作为基础硬件平台，成本低廉，有助于大规模部署和应用。     

基于超平面构建的高光谱异常目标检测方法

高光谱遥感影像具有光谱分辨率高、图谱合一的特点,影像中的地物组成也多种多样,针对图像数据中目标出现概率较小、检测概率较低等问题,本文提出了基于超平面构建的高光谱数据目标异常检测方法。它通过对高光谱数据的结构分析,构建出高维空间中的背景超平面算子,以待测像元在其正交子空间的投影值来表征异常程度的大小。通过OMIS和AVIRIS实测数据验证,并与RX算法相比较,基于超平面构建的高光谱异常检测算法能够在多种背景环境下检测出纯度高、光谱差异大的异常像元,并具有较高的检测率和较低的虚警率,因此具备了有效性和较好的实用性。     

论房屋征收与补偿过程中的维权机制

随着现阶段城市建设速度的加快，各地因拆迁行为引发的争议越来越激烈。为了更好地协调城市发展与私人权益的关系，2011年1月21日国务院颁布了《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》（简称《征收条例》，下同）。与先前的《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》相比较，《征收条例》无论在立法的价值目标、具体的实施机制方面都有很大的区别。以《征收条例》和相关立法作为制度框架，构建并逐步完善房屋征收与补偿过程中的维权机制，有助于使得包括《征收条例》在内的上述立法得以贯彻实现，从而使得利益博弈在市场经济、法治国家的轨道上进行。     

Variation of Color and Ray Pattern in Juvenile Shells in Hatchery‐produced Freshwater Triangle Pearl Mussels,Hyriopsis cumingii,in China

The variation and inheritance of juvenile shell color and pigmentation pattern in the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii, were reported in 1‐yr‐old progeny of eight families. There were three distinctive phenotypes of shell color and pigmentation patterns observed, including a greenish‐brown shell with radial rays, yellowish‐brown shell with radial rays, and yellowish‐brown shell without radial rays. There were no greenish‐brown individuals without radial rays. The shell color phenotypes showed variation with the growth in juvenile Stage I (1–3 cm in shell length), and the percentage of individuals with radial rays increased once they reached a shell length of 11 mm and then stabilized after reaching 20 mm in shell length. Shell color differentiation became more apparent at a shell length of 26 mm. Results of chi‐square tests of the segregation ratio of shell color or ray phenotypes obtained from eight families at juvenile Stage II (6–9 cm in shell length) suggested that greenish‐brown is controlled by a dominant allele (G) and yellowish‐brown‐shell phenotype is by a recessive allele (y); the ray pattern phenotype is controlled by a recessive (r) and a dominant allele (R) at a single locus. Shell color phenotypes may be a useful genetic marker for future selective breeding of triangle pearl mussels.     

青岛地区保护地小果型西瓜品种比较

以9个小果型西瓜品种为试材,在青岛地区的日光温室内对其生物学特性、丰产性、抗病性、商品性和品质等主要经济性状进行了比较试验。结果表明:"朝霞"、"蜜兰"和"金帅"的产量分别比对照"黄小玉"高35.0%、31.3%和27.3%,风味好,耐贮藏,果实商品率分别为93.5%、94.1%和94.5%。其中"朝霞"果肉颜色特殊,为橘红色,具备特殊的推广价值;"金帅"黄皮红肉,商品性好;"蜜兰"果肉金黄色,综合性状较好。因此,"朝霞"、"金帅"和"蜜兰"可以在青岛地区重点推广种植。     

Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on growth performance,intestinal antioxidative capacity,immunity, and intestinal microbiota in yellow-feathered chickens

Essential oils are plant-derived aromatic volatile oils, and they contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to improve poultry nutrition. In this study, we investigated the effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) on intestinal antioxidative capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota of young yellow-feathered chickens. A total of nine hundred and sixty 1-d-old female Qingyuan partridge chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with six replicates of 40 birds each, and the feeding trial was lasted for 30 d. The controls were fed on a basal diet without in-feed antibiotics; the birds in the antibiotic group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg virginiamycin; the remaining birds were fed the basal diet containing 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO, respectively. Dietary supplementation with 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO increased average daily feed intake (P = 0.057) and average daily gain (P < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidative capacity in plasma, jejuna, and ileal mucosa were increased by OEO supplementation (P < 0.05), with a trend of lower jejunal content of malonaldehyde (P = 0.062). Moreover, dietary OEO increased the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (P = 0.078) and the relative expression of Claudin 1, Mucin 2, and Avain beta-defensin 1 in ileum (P < 0.05). Sequencing data of 16S rRNA indicated that dietary OEO increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum, and Clostridium and Lactobacillus genera, and decreasing that of Romboutsia. Functional analyses indicated that microbial amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, replication, and repair systems were higher in OEO groups than those of controls and antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with OEO enhanced growth performance, alleviated local oxidative stress in intestine, improved production of natural antibodies, and favorably modulated intestinal microbiota composition.     

Dietary fiber in a low-protein diet during gestation affects nitrogen excretion in primiparous gilts,with possible influences from the gut microbiota

We investigated the effects of dietary fiber (DF) supplementation in normal or low crude protein (CP) diets on reproductive performance and nitrogen (N) utilization in primiparous gilts. In total, 77 Landrace × Yorkshire pregnant gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The groups comprised 1) equal intake of normal CP (12.82% and 0.61% total lysine), 2) low CP (LP) (10.53% and 0.61% total lysine), and 3) with or 4) without DF supplementation (cellulose, inulin, and pectin in a 34:10:1 ratio). A low-protein diet during gestation significantly reduced daily weight gain from days 91 to 110 of pregnancy (−162.5 g/d, P = 0.004). From N balance trials conducted at days 35 to 38, 65 to 68, and 95 to 98 of pregnancy, DF addition increased fecal N excretion at days 65 to 68 (+24.1%) and 95 to 98 (+13.8%) of pregnancy (P < 0.05) but reduced urinary N excretion (P < 0.05), resulting in greater N retention at each gestational stage. DF increased fecal microbial protein levels and excretion during gestation. An LP diet also reduced urinary N excretion at different gestational stages. An in vitro fermentation trial on culture media with nonprotein N urea and ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) as the only N sources revealed that microbiota derived from feces of gestating gilts fed the high DF diet exhibited a greater capacity to convert nonprotein N to microbial protein. Microbial fecal diversity, as measured by 16S rRNA sequencing, revealed significant changes from DF but not CP diets. Gilts fed an LP diet had a higher number of stillbirths (+0.83 per litter, P = 0.046) and a lower piglet birth weight (1.52 vs. 1.37 kg, P = 0.006), regardless of DF levels. Collectively, DF supplementation to gestation diets shifted N excretion from urine to feces in the form of microbial protein, suggesting that the microbiota had a putative role in controlling N utilization from DF. Additionally, a low-protein diet during gestation negatively affected the litter performance of gilts.     

Sulfadiazine pharmacokinetics in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) receiving oral and intravenous administrations

This study aimed to examine the bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) after oral and intravenous administrations. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points of 0.083, 0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr (n = 6). The samples were extracted and purified by organic reagents and determined by the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography. The software named 3P97 was used to calculate relevant PK parameters. The results demonstrated that the concentration–time profile of SDZ was best described by a one‐compartmental open model with first‐order absorption after a single oral dose. The main PK parameters of the absorption rate constant (K_α), the absorption half‐life (t_{1/2 Kα}), the elimination rate constant (K_e), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2Ke), and the area under concentration–time profile (AUC_0‐∞) were 0.3 1/h, 2.29 hr, 0.039 1/h, 17.64 hr, and 855.78 mg.h/L, respectively. Following intravenous administration, the concentration–time curve fitted to a two‐compartmental open model without absorption. The primary PK parameters of the distribution rate constant (α), the elimination rate constant (β), the distribution half‐life (t_1/2α), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2β), the apparent distribution volume (V_SS), the total clearance (CL), and AUC_0‐∞ were 9.62 1/hr, 0.039 1/hr, 0.072 hr, 17.71 hr, 0.33 L/kg, 0.013 L h^?1 kg^?1, and 386.23 mg.h/L, respectively. Finally, the BA was calculated to be 22.16%. Overall, this study will provide some fundamental information on PK properties in the development of a new formulation SDZ in the future and is partially beneficial for the appropriate usage of SDZ in aquaculture.     

犬慢性肾衰竭进程中肠道菌群代谢物短链脂肪酸水平的变化及其对肾功能的影响

本研究旨在评估短链脂肪酸在慢性肾衰竭患犬和健康犬中的水平,探究短链脂肪酸变化的原因及其对肾功能的影响。选取22例轻度慢性肾衰患犬（M-CRF组）、29例重度慢性肾衰患犬（S-CRF组）和26例健康对照犬（HC组）,用16S rDNA测序技术分析肠道菌群多样性,气相色谱法检测粪中短链脂肪酸浓度。通过粪菌移植和补充丁酸钠给5/6肾摘除犬,观察肠道菌群及丁酸钠对肾功能影响。结果显示：1）S-CRF组肠道菌群多样性指标观察物种数及Simpson指数低于HC组（P<0.05）,PCoA分析显示,S-CRF组肠道菌群与M-CRF、HC组有差异。2）LEfSe分析显示,S-CRF组和HC组间大量差异菌群,拟杆菌科、拟杆菌属及假单胞菌科等7个菌种富集于S-CRF组,普氏杆菌科、梭菌科、普氏杆菌属及普拉梭菌属等11个菌种富集于HC组。CCA分析发现富集于S-CRF组菌种丰度与肾功能指标呈正相关。3）S-CRF组粪中乙酸、丙酸及丁酸浓度均显著低于HC组和M-CRF组,M-CRF组丁酸浓度显著低于HC组（P<0.05）,且丁酸浓度与血中胱抑素C（Cys-c）、肌酐（Cr）及尿素氮（BUN）等肾功能指标呈负相关（r值分别为-0.451、-0.583和-0.514,P<0.01）。4）与慢性肾衰模型组（5/6 Nx组）比较,慢性肾衰犬给与丁酸钠8周后,血清Cr和BUN显著降低（P<0.05）;粪菌移植8周后,血清Cr和BUN显著升高（P<0.05）,丁酸钠可回调血清Cr和BUN水平。综上表明,慢性肾衰竭患犬肠道菌群多样性降低,菌群结构及丰度改变,粪中短链脂肪酸浓度降低,这些变化可加剧肾功能障碍。为犬慢性肾衰竭的防治提供新的理论依据。     

纤维和蛋白质对肠道健康和环境的影响

由于膳食纤维和蛋白质对肠道健康和环境都有潜在的有益或有害影响,因此,膳食纤维和蛋白质在猪肠道中的发酵是一个值得关注的问题。本文综述了近年来有关膳食纤维和蛋白质发酵对猪肠道环境的影响及其对猪粪和猪舍含氮气体和异味排放的影响,同时探讨了蛋白质发酵和相关代谢化合物的生产,与膳食纤维发酵、对肠道健康、细菌蛋白质合成和氮排泄的影响。生产上可以采用不同的营养策略来应对集约化养猪生产对环境的的负面影响,如降低日粮粗蛋白质水平减少氮排泄。总的来说,日粮纤维和蛋白质水平是影响猪肠道发酵、氮排泄和环境影响的一个有效策略。