The inheritance of chemical phenotype in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cannabis sativa</Emphasis> L. (III): variation in cannabichromene proportion

The mechanism that controls the proportion of cannabichromene (CBC), a potential pharmaceutical, in the cannabinoid fraction of Cannabis sativa L. is explored. As with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), CBC is an enzymatic conversion product of the precursor cannabigerol (CBG). CBC is reported to dominate the cannabinoid fraction of juveniles and to decline with maturation. This ontogeny was confirmed in inbred lines with different mature chemotypes. A consistent CBC presence was found in early leaves from a diverse clone collection, suggesting that CBC synthase is encoded by a fixed locus. Morphological variants possessing a ‘prolonged juvenile chemotype’ (PJC), a substantial proportion of CBC persisting up to maturity, are presented. PJC is associated with a reduced presence of floral bracts, bracteoles, and capitate-stalked trichomes. Genetic factors causing these features were independent of the allelic chemotype locus B that was previously postulated and regulates THC and CBD synthesis and CBG accumulation. In contrast to previously described Cannabis chemotypes, the cannabinoid composition of PJCs showed plasticity in that reduced light levels increased the CBC proportion. The ability of PJC plants to enable the production of pharmaceutical raw material with high CBC purity is demonstrated.     

玉米秸秆全量还田下不同播种方式对土壤结构及小麦苗期生长的影响

在黄淮平原小麦玉米一年两熟、玉米收获后秸秆全量还田条件下,采用播量、播深和镇压三因素裂区试验,研究了不同播种方式对土壤容重、总孔隙度及小麦品种济麦22冬前出苗率、春季分蘖和单株次生根的影响。结果表明：播量极显著影响小麦次生根、分蘖数和出苗率,对以上指标作用力分别达到65.52%、54.02%和35.46%;镇压极显著影响出苗率,作用力达23.48%;播量、播深和镇压对土壤容重和总孔隙度的影响不显著。播深与镇压的交互效应表现为播量越大其交互作用越明显。     

小麦抗白粉病基因来源及抗性评价的研究进展

小麦白粉病是小麦生产的主要病害之一,应用抗病品种是防治该病十分经济、有效的措施。目前为止,小麦基因组中有41个位点的56个抗白粉病基因被标记和作图。本文详细叙述了小麦抗白粉病基因的来源及抗病基因利用,旨在为我国抗小麦白粉病分子育种提供参考。     

生物技术在柑橘砧木上的应用

本文概述了当前国内外柑橘砧木生物技术尤其是基因工程技术和体细胞杂交技术在柑橘砧木种质改良和品种选育的研究现状与进展,可为我国柑橘砧木资源的研究与开发利用提供参考。基因工程在柑橘育种中的应用起步较晚,但近年来发展迅速,通过运用农杆菌介导法、附体腋芽转化－离体扩繁鉴定法、DNA直接导入法等基因工程技术对培育新型抗性柑橘砧木品种取得了一定的成果;在体细胞杂种的运用方面,通过原生质体融合,获得了大量具优良性状的杂种体细胞,并建立了多个抗病杂交后代群。目前,柑橘砧木生物技术的研究方兴未艾,现代生物技术在柑橘砧木资源多样性研究与种质改良方面仍是今后的主攻方向。     

Production of mutants with high cold tolerance in spring canola (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis>)

A major factor affecting spring canola (Brassica napus) production in Canada is killing frosts during seedling development in the spring and seed maturation in the fall. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of producing spring canola lines with mutations that have altered biochemical pathways that increase cold tolerance. The approach was to generate UV point mutations in cultured microspores followed by chemical in vitro selection of individual mutant microspores or embryos resulting in measurable alterations to various biochemical pathways with elevated levels of key defense signaling molecules such as, salicylic acid (SA), p-Fluoro-d,l-Phenyl Alanine (FPA), and jasmonic acid (JA). In addition, since proline (Pro) is known to protect plant tissues in the cold-induced osmotic stress pathway, mutants that overproduce Pro were selected in vitro by using three Pro analogues: hydroxyproline (HP), azetidine-2-carboxylate (A2C); and, 3,4-dehydro-d,l-proline (DP). Of the 329 in vitro selected mutant embryos produced, 74 were identified with significant cold tolerance compared to their donor parents through indoor freezer tests at −6°C, and 19 had better winter field survival than winter canola checks. All chemically selected mutant doubled haploids with increased cold tolerance compared well with parent lines for all seed quality and agronomic parameters. Development of increased frost tolerant cultivars should allow for spring canola to be produced in western Canada without compromising seed quality.     

首批海岛棉基因组来源的微卫星标记的分离、评价和定位

海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)是世界上最重要的栽培棉种之一。海岛棉纤维品质优良,是优质棉的重要产源。为了研究海岛棉的遗传多样性,为海岛棉育种提供参考依据,从海岛棉遗传标准系中分离基因组来源的微卫星标记用于海岛棉遗传评价。采用两种方法分离微卫星标记,一是用ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) 引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记;二是利用简并引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记。共挑选1 447个克隆,筛选出239个独立克隆。测序后得到214个单一序列,其中包含微卫星并可用于引物设计的序列70个,获得86对引物。86对引物用于扩增56个海岛棉材料和4个陆地棉材料,16对引物没有扩增,43对引物在所有材料中没有多态性;27对引物在海岛棉和陆地棉之间有多态性,19对引物在海岛棉中表现多态性。利用Jaccard相似系数和UPGMA方法进行聚类分析可以明显区分陆地棉和海岛棉,并且将海岛棉分为4类。14对引物在BC₁群体中表现多态性,产生14个位点。9个位点整合到BC₁连锁图的7个染色体上,4个位于A亚基因组,5个位于D亚基因组。海岛棉微卫星标记扩展了棉花微卫星标记,有助于海岛棉遗传多样性的研究,有利于棉花遗传图谱的进一步丰富。     

DNA profiling and genetic diversity of Korean soybean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> (L.) Merrill) landraces by SSR markers

Approximately 7,000 accessions of Korean soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) landraces, largely composed of three collections, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute’s soybean (KAS), the Korean Crop Experiment Station’s soybean (KLS) and the Korean Agricultural Development and Technology Center’s soybean (KADTC) collections, have been conserved at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) genebank in Korea. The accessions within collections were classified based on their traditional uses such as sauce soybean (SA), sprouted soybean (SP), soybean for cooking with rice (SCR), and OTHERS. A total of 2,758 accessions of Korean soybean landraces were used to profile and to evaluate genetic structure using six SSR loci. A total of 110 alleles were revealed by at the six SSR loci. The number of alleles per SSR locus ranged from 9 to 39 in Satt187 and Satt_074, respectively. The number of alleles ranged from 87 in the KADTC collection to 96 in the KLS collection, and from 63 in the SCR group to 95 in the SP group. Nei’s average genetic diversity ranged from 0.68 to 0.70 across three collections, and 0.64 to 0.69 across the usage groups. The average between-group differentiation (G _st) was 0.9 among collections, and 4.1 among the usage groups. The similar average diversity among three collections implies that the genetic background of the three collections was quite similar or that there were a large number of duplicate accessions in three collections. The selection from the four groups classified based upon usage may be a useful way to select accessions for developing a Korean soybean landrace core collection at the RDA genebank. DNA profile information of accessions will provide indications of redundancies or omissions and aid in managing the soybean collection held at the RDA genebank. The information on diversity analysis could help to enlarge the genetic diversity of materials in breeding programs and could be used to develop a core collection.     

基于B/S模式的奶牛日粮诊断系统的实现

针对现有奶牛日粮诊断过程中只考虑日粮营养组分方面的因素造成的局限性,本文首次提出了将奶牛日粮营养组分与营养代谢性病两个因素综合考虑,并以此结果对日粮配方优化设计。基于web2.0技术,采用JSP+Tomcat+MySQL架构,建立了B/S（浏览器/服务器）模式的奶牛日粮诊断系统。该系统先进实用,能有效地解决奶牛日粮配方针对性不强、难以规避奶牛营养性疾病等问题。     

黄土丘陵区不同退耕模式对土壤物理性状影响研究—以甘肃定西市为例

甘肃定西全面实施退耕还林近10年来,取得了显著的成效。本文以退耕还林重点地区定西市安定区为例,通过采集、实地调查取样和实验室分析,对比研究了不同退耕植被类型地与对照地（农田和天然草地）的土壤物理性状的变化情况。包括土壤的含水量、容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤水稳性团聚体结构。研究结果表明：天然草地和柽柳的含水量最高,分别为13.44%和13.52%。农田和山杏的含水量最低为8.01%和8.2%。0～60cm不同土层中柠条的容重最小且变化不大,农田的上下变化最大。在20～60cm退耕还林地的孔隙度均高于天然草地和农田,天然草地和农田非毛管孔隙度小且上下变化大,不利于土壤入渗。刺槐、柠条、柽柳的水稳性团聚体的含量最多,分别是农田的3.4、2.8和2.4倍。退耕还林以后,林地的土壤物理性状得到明显的改善,与农田和天然草地相比,刺槐,柠条的改良效果最好。因此对退耕还林地区进行植被恢复过程中,要深入了解当地的土壤环境特征,做到因地制宜,适地适树。     

大气CO2浓度升高对作物形态生理及育种的影响

大气CO2浓度升高使作物光合效率提高、生长速度加快、根系发达、株高增加、生育期缩短、产量提高、品质下降.因此,作物育种应培育相对晚熟品种,加强抗倒、抗病虫育种,注重品质改良.