奶牛养殖小区规划设计研究与探讨

奶源基地建设是我国奶业发展的基础,奶牛养殖小区是目前我国奶牛养殖的可行模式。该文依据目前我国奶牛养殖约有72．7％为农户养殖的现状,立足奶牛养殖小区及其配套设施建设存在的问题,对奶牛养殖小区进行合理规划布局,并提出了奶牛养殖小区建设相应的技术参数,目的在于为奶牛养殖小区建设单位提供参考,改变我国庭院式奶牛饲养方式,提高奶牛饲养管理水平,改善奶源质量。在平面布局上,应该有管理生活区、奶牛生产区、辅助生产区和粪污处理区等4个功能区域。管理生活区和辅助生产区应建在小区的地势较高,上风向处;而粪污处理区设在地势低、下风向处;奶牛生产区设在小区中间。     

Anarwia工艺处理猪场废水节能效果的研究

分析比较了厌氧-加原水-间隙曝气(Anarwia)工艺、SBR(序批式反应器)以及厌氧-SBR工艺处理猪场废水的效果。比较三种工艺处理效果表明：厌氧-SBR工艺处理猪场废水，污染物去除效率低，出水污染物浓度高，不适于猪场废水的处理。Anarwia工艺处理效果与SBR工艺相当，污染物去除率高，出水COD和NH₃-N浓度低。在此基础上，以一个日处理1200 t猪场废水处理工程为例，分析比较了Anarwia与SBR工艺的能耗。就能量消耗有关的工艺参数——污泥量和需氧量而言，Anarwia工艺分别比SBR工艺减少16.4%和95.9%，此外Anarwia工艺每天可产生2784 m³沼气。Anarwia工艺增加了废水提升能耗，但减少了曝气、污泥处理、滗水和搅拌的能耗，结果Anarwia工艺总电耗比SBR工艺低81.0%。Anarwia工艺产生的沼气用于发电能完全补偿消耗的能量，并有剩余。     

Maintaining Genetic Resources of Peach Palm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactris gasipaes</Emphasis> Kunth): The Role of Seed Migration and Swidden-fallow Management in Northeastern Peru

Knowledge of the effects of farmer practices on population genetic parameters of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is relevant to the improvement and conservation of the palm’s genetic resources. Microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure of peach palm in swidden-fallow agroforestry systems in northeastern Peru. The study covered eight communities, comprising two study areas 160 km apart – one occupied by indigenous Amerindians and the other by mixed race campesinos. Simultaneous analysis of an ex situ peach palm germplasm collection provided a means to compare population genetic parameters. Farmers who were surveyed on seed selection practices for peach palm reported that an average of only four palms (4.3 for campesino and 1.5 for indigenous populations) were used to provide seed for the establishment of the forest gardens sampled. As expected, inbreeding coefficients observed within communities were relatively high (f = 0.105 − 0.210), however, observed heterozygosities within communities were also high (0.625–0.741). A metapopulation approach was used to describe migration within and among regions, implying a hierarchical structure of gene flow which maintains relatively high levels of genetic diversity. Seed migration was found to occur over longer distances (≤600 km) and at a higher frequency (46% of palms sampled) in the indigenous study area, and a proportionally greater number of alleles was found (49 vs. 43 over three loci) with twice as many private alleles occurring only in the indigenous populations. The farmers’ practice of preserving remnant palms through successive swidden generations may have contributed to the maintenance of alleles by reducing the severity of founder effects. Although the campesino study area exhibited a significant (20% of the variation; p < 0.01) isolation-by-distance relationship across 35 km distance, in general, both study populations had relatively limited genetic structure (θ = 0.012–0.03), which is believed to have resulted from the exchange of seeds over long distances and periods of time.     

Sedimentary characterization of Tagus estuarine beaches (Portugal)

Background, Aim and Scope  The distribution of sediments in estuarine beaches is controlled by the interactions between sediment supply, hydrodynamic processes and human intervention. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the sediments of Tagus estuarine beaches in order to understand their origin and to contribute to a better knowledge of the Tagus estuary sediment budget. Methods  Surface sediment samples were collected across beach profiles and sand grain size analysis was performed by dry sieving. Grain size statistics for the median (d₅₀) and standard deviation (SDM) were obtained using the Moment method. This study was complemented by a qualitative evaluation of the sediment composition. Cross-shore topographic surveys were conducted for selected sampling sites. Results  Tagus estuarine beach sediments are mainly composed of quartz sand particles which are fine-grained and well sorted near the mouth of the estuary and medium to coarse-grained and moderately sorted in the inner domain. Compositional results show evidence of active anthropogenic sediment sources, especially in the coarser fractions. Discussion  The analysis of the textural and compositional characteristics of beach sediments in the inner estuarine domain is compatible with local sedimentary sources, while a marine signature is present at the mouth and inlet channel sediments. In the inner domain, differences in the sedimentary processes are represented by the textural characteristics of the sediments, such as the sorting degree and the gravel content. Sediment characteristics also reflect human intervention in the system, with the introduction of anthropogenic and allochthonous particles and the mixture of sediments from different sources. Conclusions  The sediments of the inner Tagus estuarine beaches are derived from local Plio-Pleistocene outcrops while inlet and outer estuary beaches reveal a dominant marine source. Beach textural variability observed in the inner domain is not related to wave forcing gradients, but mainly to variations in the sedimentary processes along the estuarine margins and to human intervention. Results show that the Tagus estuarine beaches depended, almost exclusively, on sediment input from local sources until the last century. With increasing human occupation, sediment transfers became dominated by anthropogenically related activities mainly connected with the occupation of estuarine margins and dredging. Recommendations and Perspectives  Further studies should extend the present level of knowledge in what concerns sand transport patterns through additional compositional and geochemical analysis, and the development of new techniques in order to allow the quantitative evaluation of the impact of human activities on the sediment budget.     

Effects of inbreeding on nodal root system morphology and architecture of white clover (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium repens</Emphasis> L.)

Plants of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivar Crau, a self-fertile Crau genotype, and nine generations of inbred progeny were raised in sand culture in a glasshouse experiment. Digital images of the root systems were made and root morphological characteristics were determined on all the plants. Root architectural parameters were measured on the Crau parent and the S₁, S₄, S₆, and S₉ inbred lines. The clover roots became shorter and thicker with inbreeding but the number of root tips per plant was unchanged. Root architecture (branching pattern) was largely unaffected by inbreeding. It is concluded that inbreeding white clover will lead to shorter, thicker roots, and reduced nutrient uptake efficiency compared with the parent clover. The degree to which these deleterious traits are overcome during the development of F₁ hybrids needs to be determined.     

20%哒虱威乳油等15种农药防治柑桔木虱田间药效试验

控制柑桔木虱是柑桔黄龙病综合防治最重要的技术措施。柑桔木虱成虫的高效传病性、近距离扩散性、终生带毒性和快速传病性,决定了用来防治柑桔木虱成虫的农药要求速效性好、防效高（药后24h的防效＞95%）。由于受到试验地虫源和试验条件的限制,柑桔木虱的有效防治药剂筛选严重滞后。2006—2007年我们做了15种农药的田间药效试验,结果表明：哒虱威EC 200mg(a.i)/L、丁硫克百威EC 400mg(a.i)/L对柑桔木虱成虫药后24h的防效＞95％;防效在94.9%~90％的有异丙威200mg(a.i)/L、133mg(a.i)/L、丁硫克百威EC 250mg(a.i)/L;噻嗪酮250mg(a.i)/L的防效只有30.8%;防效低于30％的药剂有灭多威200mg(a.i)/L、鱼藤酮150mg(a.i)/L、机油乳剂9500mg(a.i)/L、阿维菌素20mg(a.i)/L和石硫合剂1波美度。机油乳剂与哒虱威混用无增效作用。     

γ-氨基丁酸对热应激大鼠新生子代的发育及抗氧化力的影响

为研究日粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸对热应激大鼠子代发育和抗氧化功能的影响,选用90日龄的Sprague-Dawley大鼠52只(雌性大鼠39只,雄性13只)进行试验,交配后27只受孕雌鼠随机分为三组,正常对照组,热应激组和GABA热应激组,仔鼠出生后1天,测定发育指标和肝脏抗氧化指标。结果显示,与正常对照组相比,热应激组新生雌鼠和雄鼠的尾长均显著降低(P＜0.01);新生大鼠的肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性有所降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量有所升高,但差异均不显著。与热应激组相比,GABA热应激组新生雌鼠(P＜0.01)和雄鼠(P＜0.05)的尾长均显著提高;新生大鼠的肝脏MDA含量有所降低,GSH-Px、SOD活性有所升高,但差异均不显著。结果提示GABA一定程度上可改善孕期热应激条件下新生大鼠的抗应激能力。     

小豆种质资源抗氧化性鉴定与评价

为了鉴定评价出小豆资源抗氧化性高的品种,通过测定小豆的总抗氧化能力和羟自由基清除能力,研究来源于不同地区不同颜色的181个小豆品种的抗氧化性。结果表明,粒色,百粒重和所在地区对小豆抗氧化性有不同程度的影响。通过实验研究最终得出,绿色小豆总抗氧化性最高,黄白颜色次之,红色最低;百粒重与抗氧化性成反比,百粒重越大,抗氧化能力越弱,反之则越大;对其中156个红小豆品种进行比较,东北辽宁地区的红小豆品种总抗氧化能力最高,日本最低,但日本品种的羟自由基清除能力很高。     

甘草总黄酮对金黄色葡萄球菌的作用研究

为了研究甘草总黄酮对金葡菌的抗菌活性以及亚抑菌浓度的甘草总黄酮对金黄色葡萄球菌α-溶血素分泌的影响。首先,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定了甘草总黄酮对6株金葡菌标准菌株的最小抑菌浓度;其次,采用溶血试验、蛋白免疫印迹试验以及荧光定量PCR试验分别在表型功能、蛋白表达和基因转录3个层次确证了其对α-溶血素表达的影响。结果表明：甘草总黄酮具有良好的抗金葡菌作用,其最小抑菌浓度范围为4~16 μg/mL,而亚抑菌浓度的甘草总黄酮能浓度依赖性地降低金葡菌α-溶血素的分泌。     

纽荷尔脐橙成年态节间茎段遗传转化研究

建立柑橘成年态节间茎段的离体再生和遗传转化系统是实现柑橘转基因育种实用化的前提基础。本试验以纽荷尔脐橙成年态节间茎段为试材,初步建立了脐橙成年态节间茎段的离体再生和遗传转化系统。结果表明采用改良的预处理灭菌法对成年态茎段进行消毒处理,污染率明显降低。节间茎段在MS＋3mg／L6-BA的培养基上,不定芽再生率较高。采用根癌农杆菌介导法将外源抗真菌病基因chit42导入其中,抗性芽通过二次嫁接后获得再生植株,PCR检测4株抗性植株中有2株扩增出该特异性条带,RT-PCR分析进一步确认外源基因chit42能够在转基因植株的基因组中表达。