Estimating chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices: Modeling and validation

Leaf chlorophyll content, a good indicator of photosynthesis activity, mutations, stress and nutritional state, is of special significance to precision agriculture. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of retrieval of chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices composed by the reflectance of specific bands. In this paper, a set of vegetation indices belonged to three classes (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified simple ratio (MSR) index and the modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI, TCARI) and the integrated forms (MCARI/OSAVI and TCARI/OSAVI)) were tested using the PROSPECT and SAIL models to explore their potentials in chlorophyll content estimation. Different bands combinations were also used to derive the modified vegetation indices. In the sensitivity study, four new formed indices (MSR[705,750], MCARI[705,750], TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] and MCARI/OSAVI[705,750]) were proved to have better linearity with chlorophyll content and resistant to leaf area index (LAI) variations by taking into account the effect of quick saturation at 670 nm with relatively low chlorophyll content. Validation study was also conducted at canopy scale using the ground truth data in the growth duration of winter wheat (chlorophyll content and reflectance data). The results showed that the integrated indices TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] and MCARI/OSAVI[705,750] are most appropriate for chlorophyll estimation with high correlation coefficients R² of 0.8808 and 0.9406, respectively, because more disturbances such as shadow, soil reflectance and nonphotosynthetic materials are taken into account. The high correlation between the vegetation indices obtained in the developmental stages of wheat and Hyperion data (R² of 0.6798 and 0.7618 for TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] and MCARI/OSAVI[705,750], respectively) indicated that these two integrated index can be used in practice to estimate the chlorophylls of different types of corns.     

Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Background, aim, and scope  Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure, Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer regimes in a Chinese upland red soil. Materials and methods  Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China. The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing. Results  The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Discussion  It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities. Conclusions  Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment. The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland red soil. Recommendations and perspectives  Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms, both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity.     

RFID在农业中的应用

无线射频识别（RFID）技术是自动识别技术的一种高级形式,被认为是21世纪的十大重要技术之一,在生产制作、销售流通、公共安全等领域正被广泛使用,是我国大力扶持的一个项目,在农业上的应用还处于尝试探索阶段。详细介绍了RFID这项技术,并对其在农业上的应用现状和前景作了分析。     

风水两相侵蚀对坡面产流产沙特性的影响

为了研究黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区两相侵蚀的交互作用,该试验采用风洞和模拟降雨相结合的方法,探讨了风水两相侵蚀条件下坡面降雨入渗、产流产沙特征。结果表明:相对于未风蚀处理,中度风蚀处理(风速14m/s)使坡面产流时间延长,轻度风蚀处理(风速11m/s)对产流时间影响不大(P>0.05);风蚀处理(风速11m/s、14m/s)使坡面入渗率降低2.9%～10.0%,径流强度增加4.5%～21.7%,侵蚀率增加7.3%～39.0%,不同风速间差异不显著(P>0.05),且影响程度均随雨强的增大而降低;风力、水力两种侵蚀营力相互促进导致坡面糙度增大,风速14m/s、雨强100mm/h时,坡面糙度是风速11m/s、雨强60mm/h时的3倍。研究结果为评价风水两相侵蚀效应提供理论依据。     

小球藻粉水热催化液化制备生物油

为探索新型生物质燃油的开发,该文以小球藻粉为原料,采用水热催化液化方法制备生物油。研究了液化温度,液化时间,催化剂等因素对液化率的影响,在此基础上采用正交试验,以液化率为指标,探讨了生物油优化的制备工艺;利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)技术分析了小球藻粉生物油的基团结构与组成。结果表明,小球藻粉优化的液化反应条件为:采用质量分数5%的Ce/HZSM-5为催化剂,在300°C水热条件下催化液化20min,小球藻粉和溶剂料液比为1:10g/mL,液化率达39.87%。在此条件下制备的小球藻粉生物油的主要成分为醇类,酯类以及部分碳氢化合物,热值达26.09MJ/kg。和传统木质纤维素类生物质相比,小球藻粉制备的生物油成分更接近传统化石燃油且热值更高,显示了良好的应用前景,为微藻生物质液体燃料的制备提供参考。     

一种横磁通风力发电机的建模及参数优化设计

在横磁通风力发电机的设计与测试研究中,高质量的输出电压对风电机组背靠背变流器的可靠运行具有重要的影响作用。该文将正交设计、支持向量机非线性回归分析以及粒子群智能优化算法相结合,提出了一种以输出电压谐波最小为优化目标的横磁通发电机优化设计方法。首先,在基于标量磁位求解的三维有限元模型基础上,确定对发电机空载反电势敏感度较高的设计参数作为优化变量;其次,通过正交试验建立参数样本空间,并运用最小二乘支持向量机实现电机电磁模型的非线性回归建模,为电机优化所需的大规模迭代运算提供高效的计算模型;最后利用粒子群算法良好的全局优化特性进行寻优操作。通过一台1.5kW聚磁式横磁通永磁同步发电机设计,优化方案的空载输出电压谐波含量为14.36%,比初始方案有所降低,证明了建模和优化方案的正确性和工程实用价值。     

四种改良剂对铜和镉复合污染土壤的田间原位修复研究

研究了石灰、磷灰石、蒙脱石和凹凸棒石对冶炼厂周边Cu、Cd污染土壤的原位修复效果。以黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)作为田间修复植物,采用植物重金属吸收性、土壤重金属化学提取性及土壤溶液重金属浓度变化等作指标来评价修复效果,并研究了黑麦草对Cu、Cd的吸收与土壤、土壤溶液中Cu、Cd含量的相关性。结果表明,石灰高添加剂量(石灰占污染土壤耕作层质量的0.4%)处理黑麦草对重金属的富集效果最好,显著降低了重金属毒性,促进了黑麦草的生长及其对重金属的富集;石灰和磷灰石各添加剂量均显著降低了污染土壤交换态Cu含量;石灰、磷灰石和蒙脱石各添加剂量均显著提高了土壤溶液pH并显著降低了其Cu、Cd浓度。黑麦草地上部、根中Cu浓度与土壤交换态Cu及土壤溶液Cu浓度呈显著或极显著正相关关系。     

基于智能检测的发酵过程测控系统集成及应用

发酵测控系统是发酵过程参数智能检测与优化调控的基础,直接影响着发酵过程的控制性能。该文针对L-乳酸发酵过程的智能检测,提出了一种基于智能检测的发酵过程测控系统集成方法,给出了系统的体系结构及实现方法,集成了基于虚拟仪器技术的PXI总线发酵过程智能测控系统,给出了系统的软、硬件设计。该系统通过建立软测量模型,有效地实现了发酵过程不易测量参量的在线估计与控制,为发酵过程提供了一种新的测控系统。试验研究表明,将该系统应用到L-乳酸发酵过程中,通过在线估计葡萄糖液消耗量,实现了L-乳酸发酵过程补料优化控制,乳酸产量提高23%,提高了发酵产物得率。     

大田滴灌自清洗网式过滤器水头损失试验

自清洗网式过滤器是目前国内外大田滴灌应用最广泛过滤器之一,其水头损失是评价过滤器性能的关键参数。该文通过对自清洗网式过滤器清水和浑水水头损失的试验研究,重点分析了80和120目滤网对应的清水和浑水水头损失变化规律。在清水试验中,得出了2种滤网目数对应过滤流量与水头损失变化关系式;在浑水试验中,分别研究了流量一定(220m3/h)和含沙量一定(0.190g/L)条件下水头损失随过滤时间变化规律,重点研究了这2种条件下浑水水头损失的计算方法,并对2种情况下水头损失进行了计算,对各种组合条件下浑水水头损失计算公式进行了拟合,分别得到流量一定条件下10种不同含沙量和含沙量一定条件下5种不同流量的水头损失计算公式。结果表明:各公式拟合精度较高,决定系数均大于0.95,可以用于浑水水头损失计算,研究结果可为实际工程中自清洗网式过滤器水头损失的计算提供参考。     

6-Benzylaminopurine delays senescence and enhances health-promoting compounds of harvested broccoli

The effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) on the color, antioxidant activity, and contents of total phenols, glucosinolate, and sulforaphane in broccoli florets was investigated. The results showed that 6-BA treatment markedly inhibited the increase of the L* value and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and retarded the decrease of the H value. 6-BA treatment reduced the rate of chlorophyll degradation by regulating the activities of chlorophyllase and Mg-dechelatase. When compared to control florets, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) were enhanced in florets treated with 6-BA, whereas the activity of peroxidase (POD) was significantly reduced. The contents of total phenols, glucosinolate, and sulforaphane in broccoli florets were also profoundly increased after treatment with 6-BA. These results indicated that 6-BA could maintain the quality, delay senescence, and improve the nutritional value of broccoli.