Soil Redistribution investigations by combined use of soil 137Cs and selected chemical properties

Abstract

To improve the methods of application of phosphorus or supply of soil P to Azolla (A. microphylld), basal application, split application, inoculation of P-enriched Azolla, and soil disturbance were compared. Soil disturbance did not increase the floodwater P content. Phosphorus was applied to inoculum production plots to enrich Azolla with P. Thus, phosphorus-enriched Azolla could multiply 5–7 times after inoculation until it became P deficient. Trials on the methods of enrichment of Azolla with P showed that the best method was to broadcast twice 4.33 kg P (10 kg P₂O₅/ha) at 2-day intervals and to harvest Azolla 3 days after P application. Addition of P once or twice 2 weeks after the inoculation of P-enriched Azolla further increased the biomass production. Efficiency of P application was analyzed in terms of N gain in relation to the amount of P applied. This ratio in the P-enriched Azolla treatment was higher than the economically sound ratio -5-, and higher than or equal to that in the standard split application.     

Assessing the heavy metal contamination of soils in the water-level fluctuation zone upstream and downstream of the Manwan Dam,Lancang River

Purpose

The intersections of the terrestrial and aquatic systems (water-level fluctuation zones, WLFZs) suffer from the increasing pressure of hydroelectric construction and operation. Taking WLFZs upstream and downstream of Manwan Dam (first dam completed in Lancang River) as an example, the dam operation impacts on the heavy metals in soils in WLFZs were assessed.

Materials and methods

In December 2011, 117 soil samples were collected in the WLFZs and infralittoral reference zones (IRZs) with respect to heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and metalloid (As) concentrations. Their concentrations were determined with the application of inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-AES. Enrichment factor (EF), ecological risk index (RI) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed for element contamination and ecological risk assessment and source identification, respectively. The multivariable statistic approaches, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a paired-samples T test were performed in the data analysis.

Results and discussion

Parts of element concentrations in the upstream were significantly higher than those in the downstream and significant differences existed between the WLFZs and IRZs. No significant difference was detected between the different water elevations in the WLFZs. Compared to the soil quality guidelines, As and Cd exceeded the standard in both the WLFZs and IRZs. In addition, the water-level fluctuation during the submergence increased the enrichment degree and risk level in the WLFZs. The sources of the studied elements could be divided into natural factors and anthropogenic inputs. In addition, the submergence changed the major contaminants in the upstream WLFZs.

Conclusions

The results verified that dam operation had an effect on the heavy metals in the soils in WLFZs. In addition, this study proposed a useful tool (modified enrichment factor) to assess the enrichment degree caused by the water-level fluctuation. Assessing the heavy metal contamination of soils in WLFZs could be an important first step to the rational management of the dam operation.     

Factor Analysis and Dynamics of Water Quality of the Songhua River,Northeast China

The water quality of the Songhua River (Northeast China) was of concern, especially in the 1980s and early 1990s, and there weremany studies carried out on this aspect. However, only one or several independent water quality indiceswere used to consider the effects of pollutants on thewater quality, for instance, heavy metal and toxic organicpollutants. The combined effects of multiple indices wereseldom studied. In this article, based on the environmentalmonitoring data, the water quality of the Songhua River wasanalyzed using factor analysis, which comprehensivelyconsidered six indices of water quality of each monitoringsection. The results showed that the main pollutants hadchanged to nitrogenous pollutants originated from nonpointsources, and water quality was variable in differenthydrological periods. The results also showed that themethod was comprehensive and efficient in analyzing thedynamics of water quality.     

基于空间模型技术的拟人机械腿的运动学传递性能分析

为了弥补当前拟人机器人结构的不足和改善拟人机械腿的通用性和适应性。该文提出了一种拟人机械腿机构,并研究了该拟人机械腿的运动学传递性能。推导出该拟人机械腿的位置反解及运动传递平衡方程,定义了运动传递性能评价指标及大小腿的全域性能评价指标,在有限的空间图形中,分别研究了各结构参数(各主要杆件的长度及结构角度)与各全域线速度传递性能的评价指标、全域角速度传递性能的评价指标之间的分布规律。研究结果表明,各结构参数的取值越靠近中间值时,全域线速度传递性能的评价指标值较好,随着杆WE、杆ED与杆O1D的增加,全域角速度传递性能的评价指标值越好,随着杆OC、BC、DO1和GH的减小,全域角速度传递性能的评价指标值越好。该研究为此种拟人机械腿的进一步参数优化、轨迹规划及研制提供依据。     

渭河流域气候变化与人类活动对径流的影响

以黄河最大的一级支流渭河为研究对象,根据渭河流域华县水文站1958--2011年径流资料,采用Mann—Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt非参数统计和双累积曲线法分析径流序列的变化趋势和突变点,同时采用水量平衡法定量分析气候变化和人类活动对径流量的影响。结果表明：1）华县水文站径流量呈显著下降趋势（标准正态统计变量〈-2．23）,年均递减系数为0．86mm／a;2）径流量自1994年呈显著性减少趋势,据此将径流序列划分为2个阶段,即基准期1958--1994年和变化期1995—2011年;3）变化期较基准期在枯水年、平水年和丰水年径流量分别下降64．6％、41．3％和45．5％,枯水年流量下降趋势最为明显;4）华县站以上控制区内降雨变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为49．0％和51．0％,气候变化对渭河径流量的影响主要是由降水量的减少引起的。     

Using native plants to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on revegetation of iron tailings in grasslands

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate native plant species associated with exogenous AMF for their suitability in the revegetation of iron mine tailings of Inner Mongolia grassland. Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and Elymus dahuricus Turcz. associated with AMF, Glomus mosseae, or Glomus versiforme, were grown on iron mine tailings to assess the mycorrhizal effects on plant growth, mineral nutrition uptake, C:N:P stoichiometry, and heavy metals uptake. The symbiotic associations were successfully established between exogenous AMF and two native plants, and root colonization rates of G. versiforme were significantly (P?<?0.05) higher than those of G. mosseae. G. versiforme was more effective than G. mosseae in promoting plant growth by significantly (P?<?0.05) increasing the concentrations of N, P, and K and decreasing the ratios of C:N:P. The shoot and root dry weights of A. cristatum and E. dahuricus were increased by 51–103 %. The N, P, and K concentrations of shoots and roots of two plants were increased by 18–236 %. Inoculation with AMF also significantly (P?<?0.05) decreased concentrations of heavy metals in the shoots and increased those in the roots, indicating that AMF could confer some degree of heavy metal tolerance to plants. The results indicated that plant inoculation with G. versiforme was more suitable than inoculation with G. mosseae for the revegetation of iron mine tailings. The experiment provided evidence for the potential use of local plant species in combination with exogenous AMF for ecological restoration of metalliferous tailings in arid and semi-arid grassland.     

盛夏西太平洋副热带高压对陕西降水的影响

利用1961-2008年陕西78个气象站7-8月降水资料、西太平洋副高逐月指数资料及500hPa位势高度场和700hPa风场月平均再分析资料,通过相关、回归分析、小波凝聚谱分析等方法探讨盛夏西太平洋副热带高压对陕西降水的影响及机制,为盛夏陕西降水的气候预测提供依据.结果表明,盛夏副高强度、脊线、西伸脊点指数与陕西降水关系密切,副高偏强偏西时陕西降水偏多,副高偏北时陕西北部降水偏多、南部偏少.8月副高3个指数与陕西降水的相关关系更为密切,通过显著性检验的站点明显增多.副高的强度和位置变化引起副热带和中高纬度大气环流的异常,进而影响陕西降水.8月副高偏强偏西时,巴尔喀什湖阻高增强,700hPa西南季风的水汽输送增强,陕西位于冷暖空气交汇区,降水偏多;副高偏南时,水汽辐合区位于陕南,陕西南部多雨、北部少雨;副高偏北时,水汽辐合区位于陕北,陕西北部多雨、南部少雨.8月副高强度指数与同月陕西降水的显著共振周期为7 ～8a,且副高强度变化超前于陕西降水变化1.26a,说明8月副高强度的年际变化是引起同月陕西降水年际变化的重要原因.     

冻融循环下冷冻非发酵面团品质的变化及机理

为了探讨储运销售过程引起的冻融循环对冷冻非发酵面团品质的影响,利用低场核磁共振分析仪（LF-NMR）、质构仪与流变仪等对样品面团水分与蛋白质组分、质构与流变特性进行测定,研究冻融循环下冷冻非发酵面团品质变化。结果表明：5次冻融交替中,失水率显著上升,达至3.14%;总水分中半结合水含量在 F1后整体呈下降趋势,表明冻融循环过程中,半结合水不断散失;至第5次冻融时,醇溶蛋白含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,谷蛋白与谷蛋白大分子聚合物（GMP）含量至第4次冻融后均显著下降（P＜0.05）,分别降至2.26%与0.70%;生面坯剪切力显著上升,强韧性则与之相反;熟面坯硬度呈上升再下降趋势,黏性基本呈上升,弹性呈下降趋势;弹性模量G'与黏性模量G'均呈下降趋势,且在第4次时,tanδ（tanδ=G'/G'）至最大,表明G'的变化程度比G'大。由此可见,冻融循环致使冷冻非发酵面团品质有所下降。总而言之,冻融循环对冷冻非发酵面团的品质下降产生一定的负面影响。     

黄土高原丘陵区退耕还林地土壤碳氮库的动态变化(英文)

为了揭示坡耕地退化土壤植被恢复后土壤中碳(C)、氮(N)运移规律,采用植被次生演替空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟流域不同植被恢复模式下的C、N库及其相互关系在土壤剖面的时空变化。结果表明退化农地的造林显著地促进了CO2的固存,恢复了土壤N的可获得性,进而降低了N不足对可持续的CO2固存的限制。植被恢复显著地促进了0~60 cm土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)和总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的积累,而只有在高于一定的恢复时间阈值(如26 a)下,促进了SOC库和TN库间的线性相关性。在土壤剖面上,SOC和TN库、SOC/TN库比以及SOC-TN间的线性相关性均随着土壤深度的增加而降低。与自然恢复相比,人工林在短期内具有CO2固存的优势,但由于随着恢复时间的增加,SOC增幅越来越大于TN增幅的事实,表明造林对碳固存的可持续性需在一个较长的时段下来评估,尤其需要关注20 cm以下层土壤。研究结果为黄土高原的生态修复和减缓温室效应提供了理论依据。     

硒、维生素B1对雏鸡串珠镰刀菌素中毒的影响

用含有串珠镰刀菌素７６．９８ｍｇ／ｋｇ的饲料饲喂１０日龄雏鸡，引起中毒和７０％的雏鸡死亡，全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ，血浆ＧＯＴ、ＧＰＴ、ＡＫＰ，丙酮酸，钾，钠均发生变化，加入０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ亚硒酸钠，死亡率降为４６．６７％，细胞膜损害较轻。加入２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ维生素Ｂ１，死亡率降为５０％，心肌线粒体数量增加，结果表明，补充硒和维生素Ｂ１可减轻串珠镰刀菌素对雏鸡的毒性。