河北省主推番茄品种抗黄化曲叶病鉴定与筛选初报

采用田间自然鉴定方法对河北省42个番茄生产主推品种进行抗番茄黄化曲叶病鉴定。结果表明,‘迪芬尼’、‘74 589’、‘佳西娜’、‘格利’、‘74 587’、‘荷兰6号’、‘Ty204’等7个品种田间表现明显抗番茄黄化曲叶病,发病率分别为0、0、0、1.35%、1.32%、0、1.76%。其余35个品种田间均表现明显感病,发病率最高的品种为‘鲁寿巨粉’,发病率达到99.22%,各品种发病率差异显著。     

3种环境友好型药剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力与田间防效

测定了3种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力和田间防效。室内生物测定结果表明,多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素对西花蓟马成虫的LC50值为0.050～2.887mg/L,对西花蓟马若虫的LC50值为0.040～0.457mg/L;田间药效试验表明,田间防治西花蓟马时推荐使用剂量(防效>80%)分别为:2.5%多杀菌素悬浮剂30～60g/667m2,1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油30～60g/667m2,1.8%阿维菌素乳油不可低于75g/667m2。     

我国农业害虫物理防治研究与应用进展

自1949年以来,我国的植物保护理论和技术研究取得了巨大进步,物理防治作为重要的害虫绿色防控技术,在基础理论研究与应用技术及产品创新领域也取得了一系列重要进展。该文综述了新中国成立后我国灯光诱控、色板诱控、物理阻隔、温度控制、辐照不育等害虫物理防治的理论、技术、设备和应用研究的重要成果,并对农业害虫物理防治的未来发展方向进行展望,以期为建立现代植保技术体系,保障我国的粮食安全、环境安全和农业可持续发展提供参考。     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

2n花粉静电分选的机理研究

在静电分选海棠花粉的实验基础上,从花粉细胞膜电位和花粉在电场中荷电的角度出发,作了花粉在静电场中的受力及运动分析,研究了２ｎ花粉的分选机理,从而得出了２ｎ花粉在极板上的位置比ｎ花粉位置要靠下的结论。     

壳聚糖对瓶插非洲菊切花寿命的影响

以非洲菊为试验材料研究壳聚糖对切花瓶插寿命的影响,结果表明,0.50‰浓度的壳聚糖溶液能明显缓解非洲菊切花水分胁迫,改善体内水分平衡及代谢平衡,明显延缓鲜重、吸水量、蒸腾量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、花青素含量等生理指标的衰老,延长切花寿命,提高切花的观赏品质。     

木材真空-浮压干燥过程中自由水迁移特性

该文以马尾松为试验材料 ,通过对真空 浮压干燥中木材内部温度场、湿度场随压力浮动频率变化的试验研究 ,总结出木材在真空 浮压干燥过程中内部自由水迁移的基本规律 ,并对水分迁移的机制与驱动势进行了分析 .试验结果和理论分析显示 ,在真空 浮压干燥过程中自由水的输运由两部分完成 ,一部分为毛细管压力下液体的团块迁移 ;另一部分为在压力梯度下 ,由于压力波动而引起自由水的蒸发或沸腾后所产生的水蒸气的迁移 ,且后者在自由水的迁移过程中占主导地位 .     

Effects of cysteamine on mRNA levels of growth hormone and its receptors and growth in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Effects of cysteamine (CS) on growth hormone (GH) mRNA, two types of growth hormone receptor (GHR) mRNAs and growth rate in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) were investigated. CS could cause a modification in the structure of somatostatin, which is the most important neuroendocrine inhibitor of basal and stimulated growth hormone synthesis and release, and renders it nonimmunoreactive probably through interaction with the disulfide bonds. In the present study, cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) enhanced the level of pituitary GH mRNA in a dose-dependent manner through attenuating or deleting the inhibiting action of somatostatin on GH mRNA expression. CSH at relatively low doses (from 1 to 3 mg/g diet) enhanced the levels of two types of GHR mRNAs in dose-dependent manner, whereas the stimulation induced by CSH declined from the peak at higher dose of CSH (4 mg/g diet). It might be attributed to the variation in GH-induced up-regulation of GHRs at different doses of GH. Feeding of CSH could induce remarkable enhancement of growth rate in orange-spotted grouper. In addition, the stimulatory effect of CSH could be potentiated by the additive effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (LHRH-A). Compared with individual treatments, combined feeding of CSH and LHRH-A caused more efficient elevation of growth rate after 8 weeks of feeding. CSH and LHRH-A individually and in combination remarkably increased the levels of GH and GHR mRNAs compared with the control. The combined administration of CSH and LHRH-A in diet was most effective to enhance the level of GH and GHR1 mRNA. The morphological characteristics of the experimental fish were evaluated. Compared with control, the ratios of muscle RNA/DNA, condition factors (CF) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were significantly enhanced in the treated groups, while the highest values were observed in the combined treatment. All the results suggested that CSH (1–3 mg/g diet) is an effective, economical and feasible feed additive in orange-spotted grouper culture.     

山东聊城引种3种观赏竹的适应性

研究了引种观赏竹对低温的生理响应,综合评价其抗寒能力,以期为竹资源在北方的推广提供科学指导。以山东省聊城市百竹园的金镶玉竹(Phyllostachys aureosulcata 'Spectabilis’)、黄纹竹(Ph. vivax 'Huanwenzhu’)、紫竹(Ph. nigra)3种引种观赏竹为研究对象,研究了3种引种观赏竹的出笋率及电导率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量等6个抗寒生理指标,采用熵权TOPSIS法进行抗寒性综合评价。结果表明：出笋率从高到低依次为金镶玉竹、黄纹竹、紫竹。人工低温处理下,随低温胁迫的加剧,3种竹叶的电导率均呈上升趋势,金镶玉竹的电导率最高;MDA含量表现为先降低后上升;金镶玉竹叶片中渗透物质含量高于黄纹竹和紫竹,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸的含量升高;金镶玉竹叶片SOD酶活性显著高于其他2个竹种;基于熵权法进行抗寒性综合评价,可溶性蛋白质含量在抗寒指标中占的权重最大(23.69%),其次为游离脯氨酸(22.56%)和可溶性糖(15.40%);TOPSIS评价得出金镶玉竹抗寒能力最强,其次为黄纹竹、紫竹。     

覆盖措施对咸水结冰灌溉后土壤水盐动态和棉花生产的影响

对咸水结冰灌溉融冰后不同防止返盐措施处理的土壤水盐动态以及棉花的出苗、生长特征和产量进行了研究。结果表明,不同的覆盖措施对抑制土壤表层水分蒸发的效果有显著差异,3月和4月份表层土壤含水量影响5月份的含盐量,而5月份表层土壤的含盐量直接决定棉花出苗率。地膜覆盖和保留前茬旧膜的处理保墒抑盐效果最好,棉花出苗率和产量也最高;秸秆覆盖也有一定的抑盐效果;而翻耕和中耕对土壤保墒抑盐的作用较差;液态膜处理的抑盐效果最差,棉花的出苗率和产量最低。可见保留前茬旧膜是简便有效的保墒抑盐途径。