城郊型小流域水土保持生态环境建设优化模式设计初探

通过对城郊型小流域水土保持生态环境建设优化模式的设计 ,对城市水土保持的新领域进行了进一步的探讨 ,为今后城市水土保持生态环境建设提供了较为科学的新方法、新途径     

坡面细沟侵蚀过程的水动力学特征试验研究

通过不同坡度、不同流量的组合放水冲刷试验 ,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程中的坡面流水动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明 ,在试验的坡度和流量范围内 ,坡面流的雷诺数变化于 36 2～ 4 2 84之间 ,并且其变化有随冲刷历时和流量的增大而增大的趋势。而坡面流弗劳德数在整个试验过程中均大于 1,属于急流范围。坡面流阻力系数的大小与水流雷诺数有关 ,但其变化趋势受坡度的影响。在坡度较缓时 ,阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而减小 ;在坡度较大时 ,阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而增大。在径流冲刷侵蚀过程中 ,径流流速并非一恒定值 ,而是随冲刷时间的延长和坡面冲刷形态的变化呈现出先减小后稍增大的趋势。     

PDA荷斯坦奶牛体型线性评定嵌入式系统开发

以PDA移动设备为硬件平台,在Windows mobile操作系统上,采用Visual Studio 2005、.NET CompactFramework和SQL mobile等软件,针对荷斯坦奶牛线性评分的1-50分制的标准和转换为1-9分制的原理,开发完成了PDA奶牛体型线性评分嵌入式系统。与具有大内存和高速CPU的电脑比较,开发的PDA移动系统同样可以在现场对奶牛主要性状的线性评分数据进行录入、分值转化和体型总分计算,也可对特定牛群的体型线性评分的优劣分布（如优、良、佳、好、中、差等）进行统计图形分析处理。此外,指出了开发的PDA系统今后应与图像采集与数字化处理技术相结合,使得线性评分的依据更客观、整体评分结果更接近实际。     

Effect of Environmentally Friendly Amendment on a Newly Found Accumulator Kalimeris integrifolia Turcz. ex DC. Phytoremediating Cd-Contaminated Soil

Pot culture experiments were conducted to study the remediation potentials of a newly found accumulator Kalimeris integrifolia Turcz. ex DC. under different cadmium (Cd) concentrations with same fertilizer level, as well as the same Cd dose under different fertilizer doses. At medium (100 g/kg) chicken manure level, Cd concentrations in roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences, and shoots of K. integrifolia grown in the soils contaminated with 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg Cd significantly decreased (p?<?0.05) in average by 23.8%, 29.9%, 24.0%, 30.1%, and 38.6%, respectively, when compared to those of the pots without addition of chicken manure. In contrast, the medium urea amendment level (1 g/kg) showed no effect on the bioaccumulated Cd concentrations of K. integrifolia regardless of the spiked Cd doses. However, Cd extraction capacities (micrograms per pot) of K. integrifolia shoots were significantly increased (p?<?0.05) due to the gain in biomass (more than one- to twofolds) by the soil fertilizing effect of urea and chicken manure. Particularly, Cd extraction capacities (micrograms per pot) of K. integrifolia shoots amended by urea were higher than that of chicken manure. Under the condition of 25 mg/kg Cd addition, shoot biomasses of K. integrifolia were significantly increased (p?<?0.05) with the amendment of chicken manure (50, 100, and 200 g/kg) and urea (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg). As a result, the Cd extraction capacities (micrograms per pot) were increased in treatments even though soil extractable Cd concentrations were significantly decreased (p?<?0.05) by amendment with chicken manure and maintained by urea addition. For practical application concerns, chicken manure is better used as phytostabilization amendment owing to its reducing role to extractable heavy metal in soil, and urea is better for phytoextraction.     

Soil salt and NaCl have different effects on seed germination of the halophyte Suaeda salsa

Seed germination is a key life‐history stage of halophytes. Most studies on seed germination of halophytes have focused on the effects of a single salt, while little information is available on the effects of mixed salt in the natural habitat. Due to the contribution of multiple ions in saline soil, we hypothesized that the effect of mixed salt on seed germination will differ from that of a single salt and the mechanism of how germination is affected will differ as well. The effects of mixed salt and NaCl on germination, water imbibition, and ionic concentrations of seeds of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. were compared at various salinity levels. Germination percentage (GP) and rate (GR) decreased with increasing salinity level, regardless of salt type. There was no difference in GP or GR between mixed salt and NaCl when the salinity level was below 20 dS m^?1. Above 20 dS m^?1, GP and GR in NaCl were lower than those in mixed salt. At the same salinity level, Na⁺ concentration in seeds was higher in NaCl than that in mixed salt, but the reverse was true for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations. Imbibition rate for seeds in NaCl was lower than that in mixed salt at the same salinity level. Addition of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ alleviated the inhibition of NaCl on seed germination. In conclusion, our results suggest that the effects of soil salts and NaCl on seed germination are different, and using NaCl instead of soil salt might not be realistic to show the effect of saline stress on seed germination of halophytes in the natural habitat.     

三元地区毛竹林分空间结构分析

以福建三元地区毛竹林为研究对象,利用角尺度、混交度和大小比数3个结构参数并结合树种组成,分析了该地区毛竹林的空间结构.结果表明:毛竹林分树种混交度以弱度混交为主,树种的平均混交度为0.29,说明毛竹林的树种空间配置简单,林分中树种混交程度较低;林木的大小比数分布存在波动性变化,林分中处于优势状态的个体所占比例较大,亚优势、中庸、劣势和绝对劣势的林木个体比例相差不大,说明树种稳定性不高.在角尺度研究中,相对空间结构单元而言,个别林木分布频度变化幅度较大,分布格局呈集群分布.     

豆类抗营养因子的保健作用

豆类中存在单宁、植酸、蛋白酶抑制剂等抗营养因子.长期以来,它们被看作阻碍膳食营养吸收和影响身体健康的不利因素.近期营养和流行病学研究表明,豆类的摄入与一些慢性病的发生呈现负相关性,这可能与其含有的抗营养因素有关.研究证明,某些抗营养因素具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤和控制血糖等活性,从而帮助机体预防各种慢性疾病.本文综述了豆类中几种抗营养因子的主要保健作用及其在膳食中的安全性,以及对于预防慢性疾病和癌症的意义.     

Resistance, epidemiology and sustainable management of Rhynchosporium secalis populations on barley

Rhynchosporium secalis is one of the most destructive pathogens of barley worldwide, causing yield decreases of up to 40% and reduced grain quality. Rhynchosporium is a polycyclic disease. Primary inoculum includes conidia produced on crop debris, infected seeds and possibly ascospores, although these have not yet been identified. Secondary disease spread is primarily by splash dispersal of conidia produced on infected leaves, which may be symptomless early in the growing season. Host resistance to R. secalis is mediated by both 'major' or host-specific genes (complete resistance) and 'minor' genes of smaller, generally additive effects (partial resistance). Crop growth stage and plant or canopy architecture can modify the expression of resistance. Resistance genes are distributed unevenly across the barley genome, with most being clustered on the short arms of chromosomes 1H, 3H, 6H and 7H, or in the centromeric region or on the long arm of chromosome 3H. Strategies used to manage rhynchosporium epidemics include cultivar resistance and fungicides, and also cultural practices such as crop rotation, cultivar mixtures and manipulation of sowing date, sowing rate or fertiliser rate. However, the high genetic variability of R. secalis can result in rapid adaptation of pathogen populations to render some of these control strategies ineffective when they are used alone. Sustainable control of rhynchosporium needs to integrate major-gene-mediated resistance, partial resistance and other strategies such as customized fungicide programmes, species or cultivar rotation, resistance gene deployment, clean seed and cultivar mixtures.     

水稻超高产栽培的途径与技术

水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物,实现水稻超高产对保证中国粮食的安全具有十分重要的意义。本文阐述了水稻超高产研究的由来、超高产概念及超高产研究的必要性,讨论了水稻超高产的几个栽培学问题,介绍了水稻超高产栽培的途径与技术,提出了当前和今后一段时间内水稻超高产栽培理论与技术研究的重点。     

盐碱胁迫对小麦种子萌发、早期幼苗生长及Na+、K+代谢的影响

为给盐碱地区小麦合理种植提供依据,以春小麦品种吉麦3号为材料,混合两种中性盐（NaCl∶Na2SO4=4∶1）与两种碱性盐（Na2CO3∶NaHCO3=4∶1）分别模拟不同强度的盐、碱胁迫条件,探讨小麦种子萌发、早期幼苗生长及Na＋、K＋代谢对其的响应方式,并比较种子萌发期与早期幼苗生长阶段耐盐碱能力的强弱。结果表明,碱胁迫使小麦种子的发芽率、发芽速率及早期幼苗生长的下降幅度大于盐胁迫,高盐环境下未萌发的种子在蒸馏水中复萌较好,而高碱环境下则多数死亡。盐碱胁迫对小麦早期幼苗根生长的抑制程度显著大于茎叶,并且该阶段的耐盐碱性明显低于种子萌发期。随着盐碱胁迫浓度的增加,小麦幼苗根与茎叶中的Na＋含量与Na＋/K＋显著增加,且在碱胁迫下,尤其是根中Na＋含量和Na＋/K＋值更高,盐胁迫下K＋含量在根与茎叶中变化不明显,而在碱胁迫下则呈下降趋势。上述结果说明,盐胁迫与碱胁迫对小麦种子活力和早期幼苗生长与生理代谢的影响有着明显的不同,根中大量积累Na＋是小麦在早期幼苗阶段耐盐碱性的重要生理特征。小麦种子萌发期与早期幼苗生长阶段耐盐碱性具有明显的差异,盐碱胁迫下种子即使能够萌发也不意味着能够继续生长成苗。