Zirconium-Modified Activated Sludge as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Phosphate Removal in Aqueous Solution

A highly effective zirconium-modified activated sludge (Zr(IV)-AS) adsorbent was prepared from activated sludge and applied to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions by batch and column experiments. Characterized results revealed that zirconium was successfully loaded onto the activated sludge (AS), and the specific surface area and pore volume were substantially improved after zirconium loading on the AS. Zr(IV)-AS exhibited a high adsorption affinity for phosphate and the maximum adsorption amount was 27.55 mg P·g^?1 at 25 °C. Adsorption isotherms of phosphate could be described by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Phosphate adsorption on Zr(IV)-AS increased monotonically with decreasing solution pH. The presence of SO₄^2? in water resulted in slightly decreased phosphate adsorption on the adsorbent even at a high concentration (25 mmol/L), and a greater influence of HCO₃^? on adsorption could be ascribed to the increased solution pH with the addition of the HCO₃^?. Column adsorption experimental results showed that the adsorbent has excellent phosphate adsorption properties and that the effluent can meet the requirement of phosphorus in the national wastewater discharge standard of China. Phosphate-saturated Zr(IV)-AS can be effectively desorbed in 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH solution, and the regenerated adsorbent still possessed the high capacity. The adsorption between the adsorbent and the phosphate is due to the electrostatic interaction and anionic exchange at the surface of the Zr(IV)-AS. Furthermore, this approach provides a possibility of treating wastewater with waste and has the potential for industrial applications for the removal of phosphate from wastewater.     

基于Web投票机制的免疫协同过滤推荐技术研究

针对投票机制的个性化推荐系统,利用人工免疫网络模型的动态适应性、自组织性等特性,通过构建用户的兴趣模型来设计用户投票行为的抗体（抗原）编码及交叉克隆算子,并通过人工免疫网络模型来产生高效的推荐结果。     

气候变化对黄河中上游地区潜在蒸散影响的估算

采用Penman—Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散,分析1961-2010年黄河中上游地区气候因子的变化趋势,并用偏微分方法定量分析各气候因子变化对潜在蒸散的影响。结果显示：1）近50年来黄河中上游地区气温显著升高（α〈0．01）,风速和日照时间显著减少（α〈0．01）。半干旱区面积不断扩大,气候总体呈暖干变化趋势。2）潜在蒸散对实际水汽压变化最敏感,其次为最高气温、风速和日照时间,对最低气温变化最不敏感。夏季潜在蒸散对日最高气温最敏感,其他季节对实际水汽压最敏感。3）风速对年潜在蒸散变化贡献最大,其次为气温和日照时间,实际水汽压贡献最小。春夏秋冬对潜在蒸散变化贡献最大的气候因子依次为风速、日照时间、气温。温度升高、湿度减少埘潜在蒸散的正影响已被风速、辐射下降的负影响所抵消。综合考虑各气候因子对潜在蒸散的作用有助于加深对气候变化影响机制的认识,并为气候变化适应对策研究提供科学依据。     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

不同风沙土含水量因子的抗风蚀性

土地荒漠化是当今世界环境、社会和经济所面临的一个最大问题。它是以风沙活动为主要标志，包括土壤风蚀、风沙流、风沙沉积和沙丘前移的一系列过程，其中土壤风蚀是导致土地沙漠化的主要原因和首要环节。我国是世界上受沙漠化影响最严重的国家之一。全国沙漠、戈壁和沙漠化土地约为165．3万km^2，分布在干旱、半干旱地区以及部分半湿润地区。     

基于时空信息比较的温室环境传感器故障识别

为了提高温室环境测控系统中传感器数据的准确性,针对温室环境参数变化的时间相关性和空间相似性特点,提出了一种基于主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)的故障检测与基于时空信息比较的温室环境监测系统的传感器故障识别方法。首先利用基于PCA的传感器故障检测方法,通过监控统计量T2和SPE的变化实现传感器系统故障检测;再针对检测出故障的传感器节点,对该时刻传感器节点采用基于时空特性的节点信息比较实现不同传感器的故障识别。分别对比基于时间尺度、空间尺度、时空尺度的节点信息比较方法对传感器故障识别的影响进行了分析与试验验证,验证结果表明:基于PCA的传感器故障检测方法能够有效地实现对传感器系统故障的初步检测,提出的基于时空信息比较的传感器故障识别方法,融合考虑时间尺度和空间尺度的节点信息,能够有效地实现传感器具体故障定位;所建立的传感器故障识别方法检测正确率CDR为98.37%、平均虚警率FAR为1.72%,较传统的传感器故障识别方法检测正确率CDR提高了22.067个百分点,而平均虚警率FAR则降低了15.762个百分点,能够有效地保证故障诊断效率、提高故障诊断精度、降低虚警率,具有可靠性和准确性。     

垂直圆盘气吸式排种器的理论分析与研究

排种器是播种机的核心部件,其可靠性和稳定性直接影响播种质量。为此,针对垂直圆盘气吸式排种器,分析了其结构及工作原理,应用理论解析方法对种子在工作时进行了受力分析,并对种子随排种盘运动和种子脱离吸种孔时的运动进行理论探讨,找到影响垂直圆盘气吸式排种器工作的主要结构参数,且推导出相应公式,为播种机工作参数的设定提供了理论支持与依据。     

基于RS的崇明岛土地利用变化及驱动力分析

对区域某时段内土地利用变化进行研究,并分析引起变化的驱动力因素,可以了解该区域土地资源利用的合理性,并为进一步制定符合土地资源可持续发展的经济发展规划,尤其为发展低碳产业提供科学依据。笔者运用遥感软件ENVI 4.8对崇明岛2000年、2005年、2010年3期Landsat ETM+遥感影像进行解译分类,对土地利用变化的特征和速率及驱动力因素进行分析。结果表明：崇明岛总面积不断增加,各土地利用类型的面积不断变化,表现出耕地及林地面积呈减少趋势,其中,林地降幅最大;建设用地、水体及未利用地面积呈增加趋势,其中,建设用地增幅最大;土地利用变化的速率不断提高。引起崇明岛土地利用变化的主要驱动力因素为社会经济因素,具体包括农业发展、人口增长及以工业为主的经济发展等;表现为碳源的土地利用方式面积减少,而表现为碳汇的土地利用方式面积则增加。     

毛壳菌生物防治机制研究进展

毛壳菌应用于生物防治,具有安全、高效、低毒的优点。介绍了毛壳菌的生物防治机理,包括产生具有抗菌性能的代谢产物、产生细胞壁降解酶、菌寄生、菌竞争和诱发植物防卫反应物5种类型,最后,展望了毛壳菌在生物防治领域的应用前景。     

方法检出限对水质量评价等级制约的研究

为了研究不同仪器、方法对同一水样检测的结果是否有明显差异,是否得到不同的评价参数,选取河南省新乡市地表水和地下水各3个样本,分别用原子吸收分光光度法（AAS法）和电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP-OES法）检测同一样本中6种金属元素的浓度,并进行检测的差异性分析;评价其水质等级。结果表明,所获得的36对检测结果数据均有明显差异,其中14个指标的污染等级不同。仪器与方法检出限较高,导致所得监测结果受检出限限制,不是真实、准确测得的结果,而是取检出限的一半的值得出,影响了环境质量评价结果的准确、真实程度,影响环境管理措施的制定和实施,应当选择检出限低于最高评价等级数值的仪器和方法。