Effect of antibiotics, 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid and pyromellitic diimide on methanogenesis in rumen ciliate cultures in vitro.

The effects of penicillin G, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid and pyromellitic diimide on total gas, methane, volatile fatty acid production and food degradability after 24 h of incubation in vitro were investigated in the cultures of two rumen ciliates. The inocula of both rumen ciliates Entodinium caudatum and Epidinium ecaudatum were used at a volume of 34 ml into the 50 ml glass syringes together with the feed and compounds tested. Despite penicillin G--streptomycin treatment methane production in both cultures was significantly decreased by the inhibitors for Epidinium ecaudatum. Methane production of the bacterial fraction of both protozoan species was significantly lower than in the whole cultures. No epifluorescence of methanogens on (or in) the cells of Entodinium caudatum was observed in contrast to Epidinium with which strong epifluorescence of methanogens on the cell surface was detected. Microscopic observation could indicate that the methane production by Entodinium caudatum was probably caused by their intracellular methanogenic activity, while methane production by Epidinium ecaudatum could be related to both the methanogenic bacterial fraction from their external surface and probably also to intracellular activity. Decreased feed degradability and differences in the fermentation end products accompanied the inhibition of methanogenesis in both in vitro cultures. Entodinium caudatum appeared to be more sensitive than Epidinium ecaudatum to the compounds tested.     

The lesional changes and pathogenesis in the kidney in african swine fever

African swine fever is a viral haemorrhagic disease of pigs which has been used as a model for the study of viral haemorrhagic diseases in man. The acute course of the disease is characterized by acute proliferative glomerulonephritis, with viral replication in mesangial cells and occasional focal necrosis of the renal tubular system; hyperplasia of the collecting ducts is associated with evident virus replication. Haemorrhages have been attributed to endothelial dysfunction, aggravated by virus replication in endothelial cells in the final stages of the disease. The renal interstitium displays intense oedema and an infiltrate largely composed of macrophages. Virus replication has also been observed in fibroblasts and in the smooth0muscle cells of arterioles and venules.In subacute-chronic forms of the disease, various types of glomerulonephritis are observed, ranging from mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis to focal and segmental hyalinosis associated with immune-mediated phenomena. No striking changes are reported in the renal tubular system. Interstitial haemorrhages are associated with diapedesis due to immunologically mediated events. The interstitium has also been found to contain a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with abundant plasma cells. No evidence has been reported of viral replication in any cell population.Abbreviations ASF African swine fever - ASFV African swine fever virus - C complement component - DNA deoxyribonucleic acid - HAD₅₀ 50% haemoadsorbing doses - Ig immunoglobulin - MPS mononuclear phagocytic system - PAS periodic acid-Schiff reagent     

Levels of cAMP, cGMP, 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone in the follicular fluid of the largest follicle during the follicular phase of the estrus cycle and after induced superovulation with gonadotropins in cows]

The objective of this study was to compare the concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, cAMP and cGMP in the follicular fluid of the largest cow follicle from the follicular phase of physiological sexual cycle and of follicles after synchronization of fut by cloprostenol (PGF2 alpha) and superovulation treatment with serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), in dependence on steroidal dominance of follicles. 2 x 25 cows, Slovak Pied x Lowland Black-Pied crossbreds with active corpus luteum, were subjected to superovulation treatment on the basis of rectal examination. Rut synchronization was achieved by cloprostenol of Czechoslovak provenience (Oestrophan Spofa), administered at the amount of 500 micrograms per dose. Serum gonadotrophin (Bioveta Concern, Ivanovice na Hané) at the amount of 2500 I. U. was administered forty-eight hours before the second dose of closprostenol. The animals were killed in slaughterhouses 48 hours later, or 72 hours later, since administration of the second dose of cloprostenol. The phase of the sexual cycle of control animals was determined by the method after Ireland et al. (1980) on the basis of morphological appearance of corpus luteum, presence of large preovulation follicle and by means of average concentrations of progesterone in blood serum. Aspirated follicular fluid was centrifuged using a cooling centrifuge at 3000 G. After separation, the supernatant was stored in a freezer at -18 degrees C until further treatment. 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone in the follicular fluid were determined by means of kits under the brand-names RIA-test-ESTRA (SI-125-9), or RIA-test-Prog (SI-125-6). Concentrations of cyclic nucleotides were determined by the RIA kits from the Institute vor Radioisotope Research, Production and Use (Prague), cAMP by 125J RIA kit (RIO12) and cGMP by 125J RIA (RIO42).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Use of chick embryos for prediction of embryotoxic effects of mycotoxins in mammals]

Embryotoxic effects of 25 mycotoxins were investigated in two-, three- and four-day chick embryos; the results were evaluated on the eighth day of development. The embryotoxicity ranged from 0.0001 to 0.1 microgram per embryo in T-2 toxin, aflatoxin B1, G1, B2 and M1, cytochalasin E, ochratoxin A and PR-toxin; from 0.1 to 1.0 microgram per embryo in sterigmatocystin, aflatoxin G2, vomitoxin (4deoxynivalenol), patulin, rubratoxin B, secalonic acid D, mycophenolic acid, and from 1.0 to 100 micrograms per embryo in penicillic acid, cyclopiazonic acid, tenuazonic acid, citrinine, brevianamide A, zearalenone, fusaric acid, griseofulvin, kojic acid and 8-methoxypsolaren. Acute cardiotoxic effects were observed in PR-toxin, patulin, rubratoxin B, penicillic acid, citrinine and zearalenone. Teratogenic effects with a spectrum of different embryonal malformations occurred in T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, PR-toxin, patulin, secalonic acid D, mycophenolic acid and citrinine. The embryotoxic effects demonstrated in chick embryos correlated with the well-know literary data on mammals. Considering the different chemical composition and biological effects of mycotoxins, we suppose that the embryotoxicity test of chick embryos will also be suitable for testing other biologically active substances in the environment.     

Sarcocystosis in lambs]

We studied the problems of sarcocystosis of lambs in regard to the transfer of antibodies over ewes to lambs. Antibodies in the blood serum of 26 ewes found out by help of indirect immunofluorescent reaction (NFR) varied within the range from 640 to 5120 titres, while in six cases their level was higher than in blood. In none of new-born lambs there were proved antibodies to the sarcocystosis before the drinking of colostrum but three days later we already detected antibodies in the dilution 1:4 to 1:128. Then we studied the titre dynamics of antibodies in weaned lambs. In the age of 10-18 weeks we proved only low titres of antibodies, from the 20th to the 24th weeks the titres gradually increased and from the 26th to the 30th weeks the level of antibodies increased significantly (5120 titres) with its maximum on about the 28th week. Animals had no clinic symptoms of disease. In the other part of the work we examined the muscular substance of 342 lambs, killed in the slaughter house, by a digestive method and we carried out the blood serologic examination (NFR). Microcysts were found out in 35.67% of lambs while macrocysts were so in none of them. Specific antibodies of sarcocystosis were detected in 94.44% of young animals. A high discrepancy of the both methods (61.69%) in young animals is a result of a significant antibody reaction at still undeveloped muscular cysts.     

Pathologic changes in the lungs of deer spontaneously infected with nematodes from the Protostrongylidae family]

Lungs of 30 animals of the red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus) attacked by parasitic helminths were submitted to a histological examination, and the changes which were caused by the nematodes of Protostrongylidae family were estimated. The lungworm Varestrongylus sagittatus (Mueller, 1891) creates hatching tubercles of a dark-red or yellow-green and even ochre colour. The lobular catarrhal bronchopneumonia is a histological correlate. In hatching tubercles there are located adult nematodes, ova of 46 x 27 microns and larvae of the 1st stage. For the infection of the Elaphostrongylus cervi nematodes (Cameron, 1931), the typical changes are those of the character of disseminated interstitial pneumonia. In the pulmonary tissue affected in such a way, there are numerous haemorrhages often visible microscopically. In the capillaries of interalveolar septa there are ova of E. cervi that reach up to 83 microns in dependence on the degree of their development and in alveoli there are larvae of the 1st stage. Adults do not occur in lungs.     

The effect of temperature and relative humidity on survival of eggs of the cestode, Monieza expansa (Rudolphi, 1810)]

The survival of Moniezia expansa eggs in the droppings of lambs was investigated at various temperatures in laboratory conditions and on test plots outdoors. The optimum temperature of the livability of M. expansa eggs in laboratory conditions is 5 degrees C; at this temperature 10% of oncospheres survived after 161 days. At the temperatures of 10, 25, 35 degrees C the oncospheres survived 105, 28, 46 days respectively, at -12 degrees C it was 28 days. It was for 21 and 35 days that on the test grassy plots the eggs of M. expansa survived in the droppings of lambs in the summer months of July and August at the average air temperatures of 15.7-18.2 degrees C and relative humidity of 67.7-74.3%. In autumn in September and October, at the average temperatures of 5.8-14.6 degrees C and relative humidity of 65.3-76.7% the oncospheres survived for 49 to 91 days. The M. expansa eggs in the droppings of lambs were able to survive on the test plot. The living oncospheres were demonstrated for 119 days from November 1987 to March 1988, and for 175 days till May by means of experimental infection of intermediate hosts.     

Long-term administration of the mycotoxin, ochratoxin A in chickens and the residues in the meat and animal feed]

A feeding trial was performed with chick broilers (cockerels). The feed with an addition of 850 micrograms ochratoxin A (OA) per kg was administered for six weeks. The feeding of the chicks stopped twelve hours before slaughter (in keeping with slaughter technology for chicks). Blood, liver and kidney samples were taken. At the end of trial the level of OA residues in the samples did not exceed 5 micrograms per kg. In other trials the dynamics of OA residues in the blood plasma of chicks was investigated after i.v. implantation at an amount of 2 and 20 micrograms per chick (1.5 kg lw.). An open two-compartment model was used to estimate toxicokinetic parameters. The half-time of elimination (t1/2(beta)) was about 3.3 hours. The high total clearance (CL) of 34.2 ml/min/kg lw. and apparent distribution volume (Vd(area)) of 9.8 l/kg lw. demonstrate rapid distribution to the tissues and rapid OA elimination. The results document that neither at a long-term intake of feed contaminated to the level of 850 micrograms OA per kg will the present hygienic limits of residues for foods be exceeded (5 and 20 micrograms per kg) if the principles of correct slaughter technology are observed. The blood of chicks used as feed is not an important source of OA in this case.     

Dissemination and survival of endoparasite embryos in the environment]

Pig farms with the annual capacity from five to 20 thousand head represent one of the crucial fields of agriculture influencing the environment in the CSFR. Daily production of large amounts of liquid excrements (150-300 m3), as a result of high concentrations of animals, poses not only technical but also sanitary problems closely related to the animal and man's health. In a long-term (267 days) field study the authors followed the development and survival of eggs of the model helminth Ascaris suum, contamination of the environment with the propagative stages of pig enteronematodes and possibility of their devitalization in a mechanico-chemico-biological waste-water treatment plant. Eggs of A. suum placed in the soil to the depth of 10 to 60 cm in November (1987) did not develop in winter months. Their development continued in spring months--at soil temperatures of 8.6 degrees C (at 5 cm depth) or 8.9 degrees C (at 20 cm depth). The embryonated eggs were found out at the beginning of the 20th decade of the experiment (May, 1988). The most positive samples on the investigated pig farm were found out in the vicinity of the central reservoir for waste water, showing the presence of both unembryonated and embryonated eggs of A. suum and Trichuris suis, with sporadic occurrence of Oesophagostomum dentatum L3 larvae. As demonstrated by our results, the tested waste-water treatment system complies only with the requirements of water management--with respect to the absence of the endoparasite propagative stages in the treated water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)