植原体基因组学研究进展

植原体（phytoplasma）是一类重要的植物病原细菌, 可经叶蝉、飞虱等昆虫介体传播, 感染1 000多种植物, 产生丛枝、黄化、韧皮部黑斑坏死等症状, 给农业、林业生产带来巨大的损失。本文对植原体基因组学研究的历史、现状及当前植原体效应蛋白等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

梨树在自然水分亏缺下的生理反应

１９９４～１９９６年对梨树在自然水分亏缺和水分充足条件下的主要水分生理参数、气孔相对开张度（ＲＳＯＤ）、蒸腾速率（Ｔｒ）和光合速率（Ｐｎ）进行了比较研究。结果表明，梨树属于低水势耐旱类型，在自然水分亏缺下，其叶水势（ψｗ）显著降低，膨压（ψｐ）明显增高，而ＲＳＯＤ、Ｔｒ和Ｐｎ则无显著变化。梨树具有明显的渗透调节和一定的弹性调节作用，在中度水分亏缺下，其渗透调节能力△π１００或△π０分别为０．４４ＭＰａ和０．７７ＭＰａ，弹性调节能力△｜β｜和△εｍａｘ分别为２．７８和３．１９。另外，在自然水分亏缺下，梨树叶片还具有较强的保水能力，反映在基本无变化的膨压消失点的相对含水量（Ｒ０）、叶表面水分散失率（ＷＬ０）和明显高于ＣＫ的一定ψｗ下的相对含水量（Ｒ）值以及无灌溉园较高的εｍａｘ或｜β｜等方面。     

糖苷水解酶家族基因AghyGH1a参与莲草直胸跳甲对皂苷的代谢

为了解植物化合防御物质皂苷对专食性天敌莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila的防御作用,测定莲草直胸跳甲2龄幼虫取食皂苷后的排泄和肠道变化,利用转录组测序筛选参与皂苷代谢的候选基因,并采用 RNA 干扰技术鉴定候选基因功能。结果发现,取食皂苷导致莲草直胸跳甲幼虫排泄量增加,肠道畸变,排泄量与取食皂苷浓度正相关。转录组测序发现,与对照相比,取食 100 mmol/L皂苷处理的莲草直胸跳甲幼虫肠道有496条差异表达基因,其中261个上调基因和235个下调基因。GO分类和KEGG分类分析发现糖苷水解酶家族1（glycoside hydrolase family1,GH1）基因集中在碳水化合物水解通路。利用RNA干扰技术鉴定发现,莲草直胸跳甲AghyGH1a基因沉默可导致幼虫取食皂苷后排泄量增加,肠道内容物颜色更暗沉。表明莲草直胸跳甲AghyGH1a参与皂苷代谢。     

代谢酶抑制剂PX对除草剂防除稗草的增效作用

为解决除草剂防除困难的问题,采用室内盆栽试验测定了PX、PM和Mn²⁺三种代谢酶抑制剂对精喹禾灵、莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮和烯禾啶防除稗草Echinochloa crus-galli的增效作用,测定不同用量代谢酶抑制剂PX对这5种除草剂的增效作用及其与莠去津混用后稗草体内谷胱甘肽转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）和细胞色素 P450（cytochrome P450,CYP450）活性的变化。结果显示,在3种代谢酶抑制剂中,代谢酶抑制剂PX对精喹禾灵、莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮和烯禾啶5种除草剂的增效作用最显著。不同用量代谢酶抑制剂PX对不同除草剂的增效作用不同,其中75 g (a.i.)/hm²代谢酶抑制剂PX对莠去津的增效最佳,株防除效果和鲜重防除效果分别增加了35.33个百分点和37.33个百分点。莠去津与代谢酶抑制剂PX混用后,稗草体内GST和CYP450活性均较对照显著降低。表明除草剂与代谢酶抑制剂PX混用能增加除草剂对稗草的防除效果,可以达到减施除草剂的目的。     

草地贪夜蛾核型多角体病毒对草地贪夜蛾的毒力及其侵染特征

为明确草地贪夜蛾核型多角体病毒（Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus,SfMNPV）对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda 的毒力及其体内外侵染特性,于室内测定SfMNPV对草地贪夜蛾的毒力,采用苏木精-伊红（hematoxylin-eosin,HE）染色分析SfMNPV侵染后草地贪夜蛾的组织病理学特征,通过实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR）技术分析SfMNPV在草地贪夜蛾体内和Sf9细胞系中的复制特征。结果表明,SfMNPV对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的LC₅₀和LT₅₀分别为7.39×10⁵ OBs/mL和3.82 d;SfMNPV可侵染草地贪夜蛾幼虫的真皮、气管、脂肪体和中肠等组织,未侵染肌肉组织;SfMNPV侵染96 h后草地贪夜蛾体内SfMNPV基因组拷贝数最大,为3.91×10⁶ 拷贝数/ng,SfMNPV侵染96 h后Sf9细胞培养上清液中SfMNPV基因组拷贝数最大,为2.08×10⁷ 拷贝数/mL。     

Exploring the effectiveness of in ovo feeding of vitamin C based on the embryonic vitamin C synthesis and absorption in broiler chickensOA

Background: Many researches about in ovo feeding(IOF) of vitamin C(VC) are gradually carried out to explore physiological development in chicken, but little studies focus on VC synthesis capacity of the embryo itself, the selection of injection site and the effectiveness of IOF of VC. This study aims to explore the above problems.Results: Kidney and yolk sac were the main organs for VC synthesis and L-gulonolactone oxidase(GLO) expression was lower during pre-hatch development than that during p...     

浅谈克服东魁杨梅大小年的关键技术

近几年来,我镇果农大量种植杨梅,经统计全镇共种植320.6亩.由于品种较杂,存在产量低、品质差,平均每亩可增产223.9kg左右,个别年份虽产量高但品质差,增产不增收的现状.     

樱桃番茄主要农艺性状与产量的相关及通径分析

对9个樱桃番茄品种的8个农艺性状进行了相关和通径分析.相关分析结果表明,单株产量与每穗结果数呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.5967.回归分析和通径分析结果表明,每穗结果数和单果重对单林产量形成的直接作用最大,单株穗数对产量的间接作用大;这三个性状是影响单株产量的主要因素,可作为樱桃番茄丰产育种的主要选择性状.     

Effects of exosomes derived from hypoxia-preconditioned umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on function of endothelial cells

AIM To investigate the effect of exosomes derived from hypoxia-preconditioned human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) on proliferation, migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS hUCMSCs and HUVECs were isolated, cultured and identified. Exosomes derived from hUCMSCs were extracted by ultracentrifugation. The morphological change of exosomes was observed under transmission electron microscope. The particle size and concentration of exosomes were detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and the surface specific marker proteins of exosomes were determined by Western blot. hUCMSCs were divided into normoxia group and hypoxia group. The viability of hUCMSCs was measured by CCK-8 assay. HUVECs were divided into control group, normoxic exosome group and hypoxic exosome group. The proliferation of HUVECs was detected by EdU assay. The migration ability was detected by cell scratch assay and Transwell experiment. Tube formation ability was evaluated by tube formation experiment. RESULTS Compared with normoxia group, hypoxia pretreatment enhanced the viability and exosome release of hUCMSCs. Compared with normoxic exosome group, hypoxic exosomes enhanced the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs. CONCLUSION Exosomes derived from hUCMSCs under hypoxia enhances the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs.     

Preparation and Characterization of Tilapia Collagen-Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite Nanofiber Membranes

Marine collagen is an ideal material for tissue engineering due to its excellent biological properties. However, the limited mechanical properties and poor stability of marine collagen limit its application in tissue engineering. Here, collagen was extracted from the skin of tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). Collagen-thermoplastic polyurethane (Col-TPU) fibrous membranes were prepared using tilapia collagen as a foundational material, and their physicochemical and biocompatibility were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that thermoplastic polyurethane was successfully combined with collagen, and the triple helix structure of collagen was retained. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results showed relatively good compatibility between collagen and TPU.SEM results showed that the average diameter of the composite nanofiber membrane decreased with increasing thermoplastic polyurethane proportion. The mechanical evaluation and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability and tensile properties of Col-TPU fibrous membranes were significantly improved with increasing TPU. Cytotoxicity experiments confirmed that fibrous membranes with different ratios of thermoplastic polyurethane content showed no significant toxicity to fibroblasts; Col-TPU fibrous membranes were conducive to the migration and adhesion of cells. Thus, these Col-TPU composite nanofiber membranes might be used as a potential biomaterial in tissue regeneration.